Bibliography, Pt II: 1914-1939

II. EAST CENTRAL EUROPE, 1914-1939

Section 1. Reference Works

(See beginning of Part I of this Bibliography, to 1914).

New: ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EASTERN EUROPE. From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism, edited by Richard Frucht, Garland Publishing, Inc., New York and London, 2000.

(Richard Frucht, of Northwest Missouri State University, a specialist in Modern Balkan History, is to be congratulated on coordinating and editing the work of many contributors. The longer history entries on countries are of high quality. However, it is regrettable that in such an important reference work with specialists in Czech Hungarian and Romanian history on the Advisory Board, there was no specialist on Polish history. It is not surprising, therefore, that some of the shorter entries on Poland are unsatisfactory. Two examples will suffice: Katyn, gives the number of Polish prisoners murdered there in spring 1940 as 15, 000, although this is the old total number of Poles from the 3 special camps, who were shot in different locations, and there is no mention of the Russian documents published in English and Polish in 1992-2001. 2. the entry for Teschen speaks of Polish seizure of part of the area, but omits the local Polish and Czech National Councils' agreement of 5 November 1918 on an ethnic demarcation line leaving the then preponderantly Polish-speaking part of Western Teschen or "Zaolzie" on the Polish side. For short items relating to Poland up to 1945, it is advisable to consult: George J. Lerski, Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945, Greenwood Press, Westport CT, and London, 1996; for the period 1945-1996, see: Piotr Wrobel, Historical Dictionary of Poland, 1945-1996, Westport CT, 1996.

Section 2. SURVEYS

(A). General Surveys of the Region, 1914-39

R. J. Crampton, Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century, London, New York, Routledge 1996.

(For information on author, see Pt. I Historical Atlases). This is a very good, brief history beginning with pre-World War I period and ending with the revolutions of 1989-91, with a very good, up-to-date bibliography. There are some errors. e. g. the secret Polish Military Organization, POW, is confused with Jozef Pilsudski's Polish Legion; the underground military organization, POW, was not dissolved, but founded in Aug. 1914 p. 10.

Joseph Held, ed., The Columbia History of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century, New York, Columbia University Press, 1992

(Joseph Held (b. 1930) is of Hungarian origin. The book has chapters by country, mostly by historians, but also political scientists; there is a schematic, bare bones sketch of Polish history. The selective bibliography is undifferentiated by period or topic, but includes maps of the region: 1914, 1923, 1945 and a useful chronology for May 1918-December 1990.)

(B). Economic History of the Region

Ivan T. Berend and Gyorgy Ranki, Economic Development in East Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries, New York, Columbia University Press, 1974

(Written by two Hungarian economic historians; Ranki d. 1988. This is a good survey, but with almost exclusive emphasis on the Danubian basin.)

M. C. Kaser and E. A. Radice, eds., The Economic History of Eastern Europe 1919-1975, 3 vols., Oxford, Oxford University press, 1985, 1986.

(An excellent, detailed history by specialists; vols. 1, 2, cover the interwar and vol. 3, the post-World War II. period. At the time of publication, M. C. Kaser was a Professorial Fellow at St. Anthony's College, Oxford; E. A. Radice, C. B. E., became a Fellow at the same college afer a distinguished career in government service.)

Wojciech Roszkowski, Land Reforms in East Central Europe after World War One, Warsaw, 1995.

(The author is a prolific Polish historian, then at ISPPAN -- The Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences -- Warsaw, and in 2,000- 2003, holder of the Kosciuszko Chair of Polish Studies at the Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. (The chair is no longer there, 2009.) The book covers land reform in the Baltic states, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and in the Balkan countries with special attention to Romania, also the economic, social and political effects of the reform. For other E.Central Eur. countries, see under period and country; for Balkan countries, see under Balkans.)

(C) Photographic Albums

1. The Jews of Interwar Eastern Europe

Lucjan Dobroszycki and Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, IMAGE BEFORE MY EYES. A Photographic History of Jewish Life in Poland Before the Holocaust, New York, Shocken Books, 1977.

(Fascinating photographic record of Jewish life on Polish territories from the mid- 19th century to 1939, with commentary by L. Dobroszycki (1926-1996), an outstanding scholar of Polish-Jewish origin..Educated in Poland, where he published works before immigrating to the U.S. He worked for many years at the Yivo Institute, New York.)

Roman Vishniac, with foreword by Elie Wiesel, A VANISHED WORLD, New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1983.

(Moving photographs of Jewish life taken in late 1930s in Poland, Slovakia, Subcarpathian Ruthenia. R. Vishniac was born in the Jewish Pale, Russia, then lived in Germany and U. S. Elie Wiesel, b. in Romania, 1928 is a Holocaust survivor, author of memoirs, novels and studies on the Holocaust.)

2. East European Jews after World War II.

Remnants. The Last Jews of Poland, Written by Malgorzata Niezabitowska, Photographed by Tomasz Tomaszewski. Translated from the Polish by William Brand and Hanna Dobosiewicz, New York, 1986.

(Moving portraits of mostly elderly Polish Jews in the mid-1980s; excellent interviews and photographs by two Polish women journalists.)

Section 3. World War I. The Great Powers

(A). Austria-Hungary in the War and its Collapse, October-November 1918

The Austrian History Yearbook, 1967, pt. 3 : "The Disintegration of the Monarchy," (articles by Hajo Holborn, Victor S. Mamatey, Hans Kohn).

(This is an excellent collection of articles, originally papers read at a conference held at Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Hajo Holborn (1902-1969) was an American historian of German origin, who left Germany when Hitler came to power. He taught at Yale University. V. S. Mamatey (b. North Braddock, PA, 1917) is an American historian of Russia and Eastern Europe. Hans Kohn (1891-1971) was an American historian of Jewish origin born in Prague, who wrote on Nationalism and always regretted the passing of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.)

Austrian History Yearbook, v. IV-V, 1968-69 (articles by Fritz Fellner, Robert F. Hopwood, Alfred D. Low, Stefan Pascu, and Comments, pp. 3-100).

(Fritz Fellner is an Austrian historian; Alfred D. Low, b. Vienna, 1913,was an American historian of E. Europe: Stefan Pascu, b. Cluj, Transylvania, 1913, was of Romanian origin.)

F. R. Bridge, THE HABSBURG MONARCHY AMONG THE GREAT POWERS, 1815-1918, Oxford, Munich, Berg, and New York, St. Martin's Press, 1990 (ch. 8, 9).

(F. R. Bridge, is a British specialist on the History of the Habsburg Empire and on British foreign policy. At the time of publication, he was Reader in International History, University of Leeds. The focus is on international relations; the book has 16 portraits of Habsburg monarchs and statesmen, maps, and a good bibliography.)

Arthur J. May, The Passing of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914-1918, 2 vols., Philadelphia, University of Philadelphia Press, 1966.

(Detailed study, by an American historian written with sympathy for the empire.) For more recent evaluations, see Bridge, above, and:

Alan Sked, THE DECLINE OF THE HABSBURG EMPIRE. 1815-1918, New York, Dorset Press, 1989 (ch. 6).

(Alan Sked, was at the time of publication, Senior Lecturer in International History, London School of Economics and a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. His book focuses on domestic history. There is a useful chronology and maps, but no bibliography.)

Clifford F. Wargelin, "The Economic Collapse of Austro-Hungarian Dualism," East European Quarterly, vol. XXXIV no. 3, Fall 2000, pp. 261-288.

(The author contends that it was not only the strain of war on the economy of Austria-Hungary which led to its collapse, but also, and even more, the fact that the dual system itself was outdated, reactionary and unable to secure the economic development of the Empire.)

For studies by participants in the collapse, see:

Oscar Jaszi, The Disssolution of the Habsburg Monarchy, Chicago, 1929, reprint Phoenix edition, Chicago, 1961.

(Analysis by a sociologist and liberal Hungarian politician, who dreamed of a liberal Hungary leading a Danubian federation. After the First World War, he taught at the University of Chicago.)

Count Michael Karolyi, Fighting the World: The Struggle for Peace, London, 1924, 2nd ed., London, 1956, New York, 1957.

(M. Karolyi (1875-1955), was a Hungarian politician, head of H. govt. Nov. 1918 and briefly President of Hungary (early 1919). He had supported a separate peace between A-H and the Entente Powers in WWI; later he tried but failed to keep old Hungary together with extensive cultural rights for minorities, worked out by Jaszi.)

RETURN TO THE INDEX

B. German policy in World War I

Fritz Fischer, Germany's Aims in the First World War, With Introduction by Hajo Holborn and James Joll, New York, Norton, 1967.

(Fritz Fischer, 1908-1999, was a prominent German historian. His thesis that Germany was most responsible for the outbreak of war in 1914, and that her war aims were imperialistic, aroused great controversy, esp. among German historians.)

For his replies to factual and methodological criticism, see:

Fritz Fischer, WORLD POWER OR DECLINE. The Controversy over Germany's Aims in the First World War, New York, Norton, 1974.

Same: WAR OF ILLUSIONS. German Policies from 1911 to 1914, transl Marion Jackson, New York, Norton, 1975.

C. British attitudes toward Austria-Hungary and E. Europe in World War I

Kenneth J. Calder, Britain and the Origins of the New Europe, 1914-1918, Cambridge, University Press, 1976.

(A very useful study by an English historian, based on British archival sources.)

Wilfried Fest, PEACE OR PARTITION. The Habsburg Monarchy and British Policy, 1914-1918, New York, St. Martin's Press, 1978.

(A thorough treatment of the subject based on archival sources by a German scholar.)

Harry Hanak, Great Britain and Austria Hungary During the First World War. A Study in the Formation of Public Opinion, London, Oxford University Press, 1962.

(An excellent study of the subject based on a thorough analysis of the British press, various national and British publications, also private British collections. H. Hanak is a British historian of Hungarian origin.)

Harold I. Nelson, LAND AND POWER. British and Allied Policy on Germany's Frontiers, 1916-1919, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1963.

(A pioneering study in diplomatic history by a Canadian author who taught at the University of Toronto, based on American and Canadian archival collections.)

Hugh and Christopher Seton-Watson, THE MAKING OF A NEW EUROPE. R. W. Seton- Watson and the last years of Austria-Hungary, Seattle, WA, University of Washington, Press, 1981.

(R. W. Seton-Watson, 1879-1951, was the first, and to date, the most prominent British expert on Eastern Europe. His two sons, both historians (Hugh died in the early 1990s), give an account of his studies and activities in the region between 1905 and 1919, citing his correspondence. He knew the leaders of, and was the spokesman for the Czechs, Serbs, Croats, and Romanians. The title of the book comes from the periodical he published and wrote for, with the goal of informing educated Britons about this part of Europe. See also his correspondence with Yugoslavs and Romanians in the section on the Balkans, below.)

D. U. S. policy towards East Central and Souteastern Europe in World War I.

M.B.B. Biskupski, "Strategy, Politics, and Suffering: The Wartime Relief of Belgium, Serbia and Poland, 19124-1918," in, same, ed., Ideology, Politics and Diplomacy in East Central Europe, University of Rochester Press, 2003, pp. 31-57.

(Biskupski holds the Stanislas A. Blejwas Chair of Polish and Polish American History at the Central State University of Connecticut, New Britain, CT. He is the author and editor of many works on Polish and Polish American history. Blejwas, who taught for many years the university, d. 2001, was an outstanding American historian of Poland and Poles in America.)

V. S. Mamatey, The United States and East Central Europe, 1914-1918: A Study in Wilsonian Diplomacy and Propaganda, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1957.

(A pioneering study on the subject by an American historian.)

E. Russian policy in World War I

Ronald Bobroff, "Devolution in Wartime: Sergei D. Sazonov and the Future of Poland," International History Review, vol. XXII, no. 3, 2000, pp. 505-528.

(The author shows the politics of the Polish Question in Russian policy, also that Foreign Minister Sergei D. Sazonov's plans to gain Polish and Western support for Russia by granting autonomy to the Poles of Russian Poland were finally canceled by Tsar Nicholas II; some archival documents are cited. Bobroff was then a graduate student in 19-20th century Russian History and International Relations at Duke University, Durham, N.C. )

Same, : Roads to Glory: the late imperial Russia and the Turkish Straits, Tauris, London; Palgrave, Macmillan, New York, 2006.

Alexander Dallin et al, eds., Russian Diplomacy and Eastern Europe, 1914-1917, New York, King's Crown Press, 1963.

(Good surveys, especially on Russian policy and aims regarding Poland and Austria- Hungary. Alexander Dallin, b. Berlin, 1924, d. California 2000, was an American historian of 20th c. international relations, esp. Russian; he was a Senior Fellow at the Institute of International Studies, Stanford, CA.)

Wiktor Sukiennicki, East Central Europe During World War I: From Foreign Domination to National Independence, 2 vols., edited by Maciej Siekierski, East European Monographs, CXIX, Boulder, CO., distr. by Columbia University, New York,1984.

(This detailed work deals mainly with the policy of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia toward the Poles, Belorussians, Ukrainians, and the Baltic peoples; it has useful translations from hard-to-find documents. W. Sukiennicki (1901-1983) studied, then taught law at the Stefan Batory University, Wilno/Vilnius/Vilna; was deported to the USSR where he was held in 1940-42, then worked for the Polish govt. in Great Britain, later for Radio Free Europe, and lastly at the Hoover Institution, Stanford, CA, 1959 ff. Maciej Siekierski,b. 1949, an American historian of Polish descent, is the curator of East European Collections in the Hoover Institution Archives and Library, Stanford, CA.)

F. War and Society in Eastern Europe in World War I, (covering the Empires and nations of the region).

Bela K. Kiraly and Nandor F. Dreisziger, eds., East Central European Society in World War I, Social Science Monographs/ East European Monographs, v. 19, Boulder, CO.,, New York, 1985.

(This is part of a very valuable series. B. F. Kiraly (b. Budapest, 1912) was Commander of the Hungarian garrison Budapest, 1956, then emigrated to U. S. where he became a historian; he returned to Budapest after the collapse of communism in E.Europe. N. Dreisziger is a Canadian historian of Hungarian origin.)

G. Jewish views/goals regarding future Eastern Europe, also British policy on:

Eugene C. Black, "Squaring a Minorities Triangle: Lucien Wolf, Jewish Nationalists and Polish Nationalists," in: Paul Latawski, ed., The Reconstruction of Poland, 1914-23, Basingstoke and London, UK, 1992 (ch. 2, pp. 13-40; see also Mark Levene work, below.)

(At the end of WWI, Lucien Wolf was the leader of the Jewish community in Britain. Eugene Charlton Black (b. Boston, Mass, 1927) is an American historian of modern Britain; the recently deceased Paul Latawski an American historian of Poland who lived and worked in the U.K.)

Norman Davies, "Great Britain and the Polish Jews, 1914-1920," Journal of Contemporary History, 8 (1973), pp. 119-142.

(Norman Davies b. 1940, is the pre-eminent British historian of Poland.) For a detailed study of the topic, see:

Mark Levene, WAR, JEWS, AND THE NEW EUROPE. The Diplomacy of Lucien Wolf, 1914-1919, Oxford, 1992.

Mark Levene (b. London, 1953) was then a Lecturer in Modern Jewish History at Warwick University, UK.

A History of Polish Jewry during the Renewal of Poland, contains: Isaac Lewin, "The Political History of Polish Jewry, 1918-1919"; Nahum Michael Gelber, "The National Autonomy of Eastern-Galician Jewry in the West-Ukrainian Republic, 1918-1919," New York, 1990. (

Isaac Lewin was then Professor emeritus of Jewish History at the Bernard Revel Graduate School, Yeshiva University, New York. He has published works on the history of Jews in Poland. Nahum M. Gelber (died 1963), was a leading historian of 19th c. Polish Jewry.)

Section 4. East Central European Peoples in World War I and the Peace Treaties

[NOTE: generally, Poland will be listed first as the largest country in Eastern Europe, also the one endowed with the most extensive English language historical literature].

THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE OF 1919. General.

Margaret Macmillan, Paris 1919. Six months that Changed the World, New York, 2002.

(The author, the great-grand daughter of British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, upsets the old, negative stereotype view of the Peace Conference as dominated by short-sighted statesmen who produced a bad peace treaty, as well as another stereotype view: that there is a straight line between the Versailles Treaty, Adolf Hitler, and WWII. Macmillan gives good surveys of East European questions and problems. This book, which won the Samuel Johnson Prize and the PEN Hessell Tilman and Duff Cooper Prizes, is a "must read" for all teachers of 20th c. European history, including those who teach it in High Schools.

(Macmillan if Professor of History and Provost of Trinity College, the University of Toronto,Canada)

. Zara Steiner, The Lights That Failed: European International History, 1919-1933, New York, NY, 2005.

(Excellent study. Steiner convincingly argues against John Maynard Keynes's famous work, The Carthaginian Peace,condemning the Versailles Treaty, mainly on economic grounds, esp. reparations. She shows that reparations did not cripple Germany, for they were well within its means to pay, although only a small percentage was finally paid off. See also review by Paul W. Schroeder in The International History Review, vol. XXVIII, no. 1, March 2006, pp. 119-126.)

(A).The Rebirth of Poland, 1914-21:

(i) Much useful data on Polish territories before 1914 can be found in:

Handbooks Prepared under the Direction of the Historical Section of the Foreign Office: no. 46, Austrian Poland; no. 52, Prussian Poland; and no. 44, Russian Poland, Lithuania and White Russia, London, 1919-20.

(These handbooks were prepared by British historians for the British Delegation to the Paris Peace Conference.). Also useful is:

The Polish Encyclopedia prepared and published by the Committee for Polish Encyclopedic Publications, Fribourg, Switzerland, and the Polish National Committee of America, 3 vols., 1920-2.;

(While clearly pro-Polish, it has hard-to-find maps and statistics.)

(ii). Poles and Poland in World War I and in the Peace Settlements 1919.

Anna M. Cienciala and Titus Komarnicki, From Versailles to Locarno, Keys to Polish Foreign Policy, 1919-1925, Lawrence, KS, 1984.

(Anna M. Cienciala, (b. Danzig/Gdansk, 1929) is an American historian of European international relations, 1914-45, specializing in Polish foreign policy. She taught at the University of Ottawa, 1960-61, the University of Toronto, 1961-65, and the University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS., 1965-2002. Titus Komarnicki (1896-1967) was a Polish diplomat and historian. This book, based on a mss. written by Komarnicki, was revised by Cienciala and exapanded with the addition of British and French diplomatic archival documents inaccessible at the time of Komarnicki's research for the book. She added two new chapters on Poland and the Locarno Treaties, see Preface).

Patricia A. Gajda, Postscript to Victory. British Policy in the German-Polish Borderlands, 1919-1925, Washington, DC, 1982.

(Based on British archives, this study tends to favor the British point of view. See also Cienciala and Komarnicki above and Komarnicki below. Gajda (b. 1941) is of Polish descent; she then taught at the University of Texas, Tyler, TX, and specialized in Texas history.)

Bela Kiraly and Nandor F. Dreisziger, East Central European Society in World War I, War and Society in East Central Europe, vol. XIX, New York, 1985, Part III, Home Front, Poland, and Part IV, Military Affairs, Poland.

Titus Komarnicki, Rebirth of the Polish Republic. A Study in the Diplomatic History of Europe, 1914-1920, London, 1957. (Part I, ch. 1-V).

(On T. Komarnicki, see first title in this section. This is the most detailed diplomatic history of the subject, still very useful. The author had access to Polish archival documents in London, but British and French archival sources were then unavailable to historians, see Cienciala Komarnicki book above.)

Paul Latawski, ed., The Reconstruction of Poland, 1914-23, Basingstoke and London, UK, 1992.

(This collection of conference papers (London, Dec. 1988), covers a broad spectrum of topics: Roman Dmowski; the Jewish Question; Polish-Ukrainian relations; American policy toward Poland; Danzig and the Polish Corridor at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919" (Cienciala); Roman Dmowski at the Paris Peace Conference (Wandycz); the establishment of a National Government, 1918;The Economic Integration of Poland, 1918-23; Reconstruction of the Government and State Apparatus, and the Origins of the Polish Foreign Ministry. On the late Latawski, see above.)

Polish Women in the Fight for Independence, 1880-1921.

Robert M. Ponichtera, "Feminists, Nationalists, and Soldiers: Women in the Fight for Polish Independence," International History Review, vol. XIX (19), no. 1, Feb. 1997, pp. 16- 31.

(R. M. Ponichtera, Yale University Ph. D., studied under Professor Piotr S. Wandycz. The first part of the article deals with the late 19th and early 20th century; pp. 22 ff. recounts Polish women's participation in the fight for independence, 1914-18, then the Polish-Ukrainian and Polish-Soviet Wars of 1918-21.)

For the most detailed account of Polish questions at the Peace Conference, 1919. see:

Kay Lundgreen-Nielsen, The Polish Problem at the Paris Peace Conference. A Study of the Polices of the Great Powers and the Poles, 1918-1919, Odense, Denmark, 1979.

(The author, a Danish historian of Poland, gives a detailed account of the establishment of Poland's western frontier with Germany, also a detailed account with a very critical assessment of Poland's eastern policy. (Compare with the chapters on Wilno and East Galicia in Cienciala-Komarnicki, From Versailles to Locarno). See also:

H. W. V. Temperley, ed., A HISTORY OF THE PEACE CONFERENCE OF PARIS, 6 vols., Oxford, London, 1920, reprint Oxford, 1969.

(Written by British and American experts immediately after the Paris Peace Conference and the signing of the Versailles Treaty, this series has some very useful information on Poland at the Peace Conference in vol. VI, ch. II, pt. II, pp. 233-283.; Germany's loss of territory to Poland -- v. II, ch. IV, pt. II, pp. 207-215; The Teschen Question --vol. IV, ch. VI, pt. I, pp. 348-367; the Polish Minorities Treaty, 28 June, 1919 -- vol. V, ch. II, C, pp. 132-143; the Letter from G. Clemenceau to I. Paderewski, 24 June 1919, and text of Minorities Treaty -- App. IV, pp. 432-445.).

French Policy on Poland in WWI and at the Peace Conference

Piotr S. Wandycz, France and her Eastern Allies 1919-1925. French-Czechoslovak- Polish Relations from the Paris Peace Conference to Locarno, Minneapolis, MN, 1962.

(Wandycz , b. in Poland 1923, educated in Poland, France, Belgium and the U.K, formerly professor at Indiana University, professor emeritus Yale University, is the pre-eminent American historian of modern Poland and specialist in interwar European diplomatic history.)

U. S. Policy on Poland, WW I and Peace Conference.

M. B. Biskupski, "The Wilsonian View of Poland: Idealism and Geopolitical Traditionalism," in: John Micgiel, ed., Wilsonian Central Europe, NY, 1995, pp. 123-145.

(Biskupski is a specialist on U.S. policy toward Poland, 1914-19; he holds the chair of Polish and Polish American History at the Central State University of Connecticut, New Britain, CT.)

(John Micgiel, who is of Polish descent, is a political scientist and the director of the European Studies Institute, Columbia University, New York.)

Piotr S. Wandycz, The United States and Poland, Cambridge, MA, 1980, ch. 3, Wilson and the Rebirth of Poland, pp. 194-169.

(An excellent survey with suggested readings. Wandycz then held the Durfee Chair of East European History at Yale University. For more details, search : French Policy, above.)

(iii) Special studies on disputed areas of Poland in 1919-21.

(A). Poland and Germany: Danzig at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, also in 1920-21.

Anna M. Cienciala, "The Battle of Danzig and the Polish Corridor at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919," ch. 5, in: Paul Latawski, ed., THE RECONSTRUCTION OF POLAND, 1914-23, (Basingstoke, London, UK, 1992, pp. 71-94.

same, with T. Komarnicki, FROM VERSAILLES TO LOCARNO, (Lawrence, KS, 1984), ch. 4, pp. 91-104.

same, "An Aspect of the German-Polish Problem in the Interwar Period: The Secret Anglo-French Agreement on Danzig and the Saar and its Consequences, 1919- 1926," Zeitschrift fur Ostforschung, Heft 3, Marburg, 1978, pp. 434- 455.

(Cienciala is an American historian of East Central Europe, particularly diplomatic history 1914-45 with specialization in Poland.0

Sir James Headlam-Morley, A Memoir of the Paris Peace Conference 1919, edited by Agnes Headlam-Morley, Russell Bryant and Anna M. Cienciala, London, 1972.

(Headlam-Morley, 1863-1929, was the main author of the Versailles Treaty articles on the Free City of Danzig. Agnes, his daughter, was a British historian; R. Bryant is an American historian.)

See also:

R. W. Seton-Watson, "The Formation of the Czechoslovak State," in: H. W. V. Temperley, A History of the Peace Conference of Paris, Oxford, 1920, reprint 1968, vol. VI, Part III (pp. 286-278).

(R. W. Seton-Watson was the pre-eminent British historian of East Central and South-Eastern European peoples at this time. This is an account written just after the events it describes.)

For a reassessment of T. G. Masaryk's WW I ideas on future Europe, see:

Francesco Leoncini, "T. G. Masaryk's 'Nova Evropa:' A Reinterpretation, " in: Historical Reflections on Central Europe. Selected Papers from the Fifth World Congress of Central and East European Studies, edited by Stanislav J. Kirschbaum, Warsaw, 1995, pp. 65-73.

(F. Leoncini was then professor of Slavic History at the Universita Ca'Foscari di Venezia; among his publications is an edited Italian translation of T. G. Masaryk's work: The New Europe. A Slavic Point of View.)

[NOTE: For the memoirs of Masaryk and Benes, see sec. 3, Czechoslovakia, below].

(C) Hungary, War, the Hungarian Revolutions, 1918-19, and the Treaty of Trianon, 1920

(i) Surveys and collective works on period

Peter F. Sugar, Hanak and Frank, eds., A History of Hungary, Bloomington, IN, 1990, ch. XV and XVI (pp. 267-318);

Bela K. Kiraly and Nandor Dreisziger, eds., East Central European Society in World War I. War and Society in East Central Europe, New York, 1985;

Istvan I. Mocsy, The Effects of World War I, the Uprooted: Hungarian Refugees and their Impact on Hungarian Domestic Politics, 1918-1921, East Eur. Monograph no. 147, New York, 1983.

(ii) On the Hungarian Revolutions of 1918-19 and the Hungarian Soviet Republic see:

Tibor Hajdu, The Hungarian Soviet Republic, Budapest, 1979;

(Uuseful, though written and published under some political restrictions.)

Alfred D. Low, The Soviet Hungarian Republic and the Paris Peace Conference, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, vol. 53, part 10, Philadelphia, 1963;

(A. D. Low, b. Vienna 1913, studied in Vienna and U. S. taught at various U. S. universities. He has published books on modern European history.)

Peter Pastor, ed., Revolution and Intervention in Hungary and its Neighbor States, 1918-1919, East Eur. Mon. 240, New York, 1988.

(Pastor is an American historian of Hungarian descent. He was then teaching at Montclair State University, Upper Montclair, N. J.)

Gyorgi Peteri, "Effects of World War I: War Communism in Hungary, 1919," in War and Society in East Central Europe, vol. XVI, New York, 1984.

(Gyrogy G. Peteri was then a Professor at The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Ranheim, Norway.)

Rudolf L. Tokes, Bela Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic: the Origins and Role of the Communist Party of Hungary in he Revolutions of 1918-1919, New York, 1967.

(R. Tokes, b. Budapest, 1935, is a Political Scientist, author of several books, then teaching at the University of Connecticut; this is the standard American work on the topic.)

(iii) On the Treaty of Trianon, 1920, see:

Bela Kiraly and Laszlo Veszpremy, Trianon and East Central Europe, East Eur. Monographs, no. 418, New York, 1995.

(By Hungarian-American historians; sympathetic to Hungary.)

Maria Ormos, From Padua to the Trianon, 1918-1920, East Eur. Mon. no. 298, New York, 1991;

(Translation of a detailed history by a Hungarian-American historian.)

for a contemporary British view, see:

H. W. V. Temperley, The New Hungary, in: same, ed., A HISTORY OF THE PEACE CONFERENCE OF PARIS, Oxford, 1921, rept. 1969, vol. IV, ch. IX, pt. II, (pp. 485-497), and: The Hungarian Treaty, ibid., ch. VII, C (pp. 415-428).

(D) The Balkans in World War I.

1. For an overview, see:

Barbara Jelavich, HISTORY OF THE BALKANS. Twentieth Century, vol. 2 Cambridge, UK, 1993 (reprint of 1983 edition), ch. 4 (pp. 106-133).

(B. Jelavich, 1923 1994(?) was the leading American historian of the Modern Balkans and Balkan-Russian relations in the late 20th c.. She often published jointly with her husband, Charles Jelavich, also an American historian of the Balkans.)

2 For Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro in World War I, see chapters on these countries in:

Bela F. Kiraly and Nandor F. Dreisziger, eds., EAST CENTRAL EUROPEAN SOCIETY IN WORLD WAR I. War and Society in East Central Europe, vol. XIX, New York, 1985.

For contemporary British experts' accounts and views of the Balkans in WWI,, see:

H. W. V. Temperley, ch. VII, V, pt. II, Albania, in, same, ed., A HISTORY OF THE PEACE CONFERENCE OF PARIS, vol. IV, Oxford, 1921, 1969, (pp. 338-347); W. J. M. Childs, The New Bulgaria, pp. 444-461, ibid., also: The Bulgarian Treaty, pp. 411-415, ibid., ; R. G. D. Laffan, ch. IV The Liberation of the New Nationalities, on Yugoslavia, pp. 172-212, ibid; Rumania, pp. 213-256, ibid

(iii) For Balkan diplomatic history 1919-20, see:

(A) Bulgaria, Treaty of Neuilly.

Georgi P. Genov, Bulgaria and the Treaty of Neuilly, Sofia, Danov, 1935;

(An older, still useful study by a Bulgarian historian.)

(B) Romania, 1914-21

Richard Frucht, Dunarea Noastra; Romania, the Great Powers, and the Danube Question, 1914-1921, Boulder, CO, East European Quarterly, 1982;

(Frucht, an American historian specializing in the Balkan, then taught at Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO. He edited The: Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe, Garland, New York, 2000.)

Sherman D. Spector, Rumania at the Paris Conference: A Study of the Diplomacy of Ioan I. C. Bratianu, New York, 1962.

(Spector is an American historian, specialist in Romanian and Russian history; he was then Professor Emeritus of Russell Sage College and lived in Orange County, CT. Ioan I. C. Bratianu, 1864-1927, was the most prominent Romanian statesman in the period 1900-1927, several times Prime Minister, including the period in question, except for 1920-21.)

For R. W. Seton-Watson's activities and correspondence with Romanian politicians, 1906-20 see:

Cornelia Bodea and Hugh Seton-Watson, eds., R. W. SETON-WATSON AND THE ROMANIANS, 1906-1920, 2 vols, Bucharest, 1988.

(R. W. Seton-Watson was the pre-eminent British historian of East Central and S. E. Europe in the early 20th century. C. Bodea is a prominent Romanian historian; the late Hugh Seton-Watson, a British historian of Russia, was the son of R. W. Seton-Watson.)

(C) Yugoslavia, 1914-21.

Dmitrije Djordjevic and Stephen Fischer-Galati, eds., The Creation of Yugoslavia, 1914-1918, Santa Barbara, 1980.

(Djodrjevic, an American historian of Yugoslav origin, was then teaching at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Fischer-Galati, an American historian of Romanian origin, was Professor Emeritus the University of Colorado at Boulder and edited the East European Quarterly, begun in 1967..)

Ivo J. Lederer, Yugoslavia at the Paris Conference: A Study in Frontier- Making, New Haven, CT, 1963.

(Lederer, b. Zagreb, Croatia, 1929, studied in U. S. and was an American historian specializing in E. Europe.)

For R. W. Seton-Watson and the Yugoslavs, 1906-41, see:

Hugh Seton-Watson et al, eds., R. W. SETON-WATSON AND THE YUGOSLAVS. Correspondence 1906-1941, 2 vols., London-Zagreb, 1976.

(On R. W. Seton-Watson, see Part I, sections on Hungary 1867-1914, also late 19th c. and early 20th c. Balkans.)

Section 5. EAST CENTRAL EUROPE BETWEEN THE WARS, 1918-39.

A. Surveys

For good, short, surveys, see:

R. J. Crampton, EASTERN EUROPE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, London, New York, 1996, has an introductory survey, short chapters by country, and a chapter on ideological currents

(On Crampton, see pt. I., Historical Atlases, pt. II, General Surveys).

Robin Okey, Eastern Europe 1740-1985, Feudalism to Communism, 2nd ed. Minneapolis, MN, 1986, ch. 7, (pp. 157-180).

(R. Okey, a British historian, treats E. Europe within the general European context.)

Piotr S. Wandycz, The Price of Freedom. A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present, N. Y., 1992, pb. 1993, ch. 7, pp. 201-235.

i(Brief, cogent survey of Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland in the interwar period by an eminent American historian of Polish origin, Professor emeritus Yale University.)

b. More detailed

C. A. Macartney and A. W. Palmer, Independent Eastern Europe. A History, London, New York, 1962

(C. A. Macartney was the pre-eminent British historian of Hungary; for biographical information, see Part I, Habsburg Empire 1815-1918. A. W. Palmer was a British historian who has written on 19-20th century European history. This is a mostly diplomatic history, sympathetic to Hungary.)

See also:

Zygmunt J. Gasiorowski, "Polish-Czechoslovak Relations, 1922-1926," The Slavonic and East European Review, v. 35, no. 85, London, 1957, pp. 473-504.

(By a Polish historian, then Professor at the University of Georgia, Athens, GA.)

[NOTE: On Munich, see section 5 on APPEASEMENT below]

(xi) On the constituent nationalities and ethnic minorities of interwar Czechoslovakia, see:

Carol Skalnik Leff, National Conflict in Czechoslovakia. The Making and Remaking of a State, 1918-1987, Princeton, N. J., 1988.

(Skalnik Leff, an American political scientist, was then teaching at the University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; ch. 2 is a good overview of the nationalities problems of interwar Czechoslovakia.)

(a) Slovaks in interwar Czechoslovakia.

James R. Felak, At the Price of the Republic: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, 1929-1938, Pittsburgh, PA., 1994.

(Excellent study; Felak teaches at the University of Washington, Seattle.)

Yashayahu A. Jelinek, The Lust for Power: Nationalism, Slovakia and the Communists, 1918-1948, East European Monographs, no. 130, New York, 1983;

(Jelinek obtained his Ph. D. at Indiana University, 1966. He is an Israeli historian then living in Beer-Sheva, Israel.)

same, The Parish Republic: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, East European Quarterly, Boulder, CO., 1976.

(A v. negative view.)

Owen V. Johnson, SLOVAKIA 1918-1938; Education and the Making of a Nation, East European Monographs no. 180, New York, 1985.

(Johnson then taught in the School of Journalism, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. He is a specialist on the Czech Republic and Slovakia.)

Stanislav J. Kirschbaum, A History of Slovakia, New York, 1995

(Kirschbaum was then professor of political science and coordinator, International Studies Programme York University, Toronto. This is a survey written from the Slovak point of view.)

Jozef Lettrich, History of Modern Slovakia, London, 1956

(A Czech view, favorable to Slovak-Czechs union.)

Joseph A. Mikus, SLOVAKIA. A Political History, 1918-1950, Milwaukee, Wisc., 1963

(An anti-Czech view.).

(b) The Ruthenians in interwar Czechoslovakia

Paul Robert Magocsi, THE SHAPING OF A NATIONAL IDENTITY. SUB-CARPATHIAN RUS', 1848-1948, Cambridge, Mass., 1978 (Part 1 ch. 4, Part 3, ch. 10-12). 1982.

(Magocsi, author of the excellent Historical Atlas of East Central Europe (Seattle, WA, 1994, new eds. 2001, 2003), Ukraine. A Historical Atlas, (Toronto, 1985), and A History of Ukraine (Toronto, 1996), then taught at the University of Toronto. He is a specialist on modern Ukraine.)

(c) Poles in interwar Czechoslovakia: Zaolzie (Trans Olza)

Boguslaw Kozusznik, The Problem of Cieszyn Silesia, London, 1943.

(Good presentation of the Polish claim to the whole area. Kozusznik, a Polish native of Cieszyn [G. Teschen], was then a member of the Polish National Council, an advisory body representing P. political parties attached to the Polish government-in-exile. He returned to Poland after the war, and was deputy minister of health in the early 1960s; took an active part in UNICEF; died 1999. This booklet has rare maps and demographic tables.)

Ellen L. Paul, "Czech Teschen Silesia and the Controversial Czechoslovak Census of 1921," Polish Review, vol. XLIII, no. 2, 1998, pp. 161-171.

(The author obtained her Ph. D. at the University of Kansas, 1999. This work is based on her dissertation research, done with the aid of Fulbright and Irex fellowships in the Polish and Czech republics.).

(d) The Germans in interwar Czechoslovakia:

Herman Kopecek, "Zusammenarbeit and Spoluprace: Sudeten German-Czech cooperation in Interwar Czechoslovakia," in: NATIONALITIES PAPERS, vol. 24, no. 1, ed., Nancy M. Wingfield, March 1996, pp. 63-78;

Radomir Luza, THE TRANSFER OF THE SUDETEN GERMANS. A Study of Czech-German Relations, 1933-1962, New York, 1964, Introd., Part I, II, through the Munich Crisis of 1938, pp. 1-186.

(For R. Luza, see Mamatey and Luza book on the Czechoslovak Republic, above.)

Elizabeth Wiskemann, CZECHS AND GERMANS. A Study of the Struggle in the Historic Provinces of Bohemia and Moravia, London, Oxford, New York, Toronto, 1938, 2nd ed., 1967 .

(E. Wiskemann was a British journalist and scholar; she originally wrote the book for the Royal Institute of International Affairs; it is still a valuable study.)

(e) The Jews in interwar Czechoslovakia.

"The Jewish Question and Other Aspects of Modern Czechoslovakia," ( see esp. articles on J. Q. in Slovakia), EAST CENTRAL EUROPE, vol. 10, Parts 1-2, University of California, Irvine, CA, 1983.

C. Interwar Hungary.

(i). Surveys

For a brief overview, see:

Peter F. Sugar et al, eds., A History of Hungary, (Bloomington, IN, 1990). ch. XVII and part of XVIII.

See also:

Jorg K. Hoensch, A History of Modern Hungary. 1867-1996,Translated from German by Kim Traynor, London, 2nd ed., 1996.

(Hoensch, d. 2003, was Professor of East European History at the University of the Saarland, Saarbrucken, Germany. This edition covers the post-communist period to mid-1994. There is a useful chronology of Hungarian history through July 1994, and a bibliography listing works, most in German.)

Paul Ignotus, HUNGARY, New York, 1972.

(Very good on intellectual history by a Hungarian. Ignotus, b. 1901, was imprisoned in communist Hungary after World War II; see his memoirs, published 1960.)

The most detailed study is :

C. A. Macartney, October Fifteenth. A History of Modern Hungary 1929-1945, 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1961.

(Macartney, a British historian of the Habsburg Monarchy and Hungary, was a Magyarophile.)

(ii). On Hungarian statesmen of the interwar period, see:

(a) Istvan Bethlen (1874-1947 Prime Minister, 1921-31; reportedly died in USSR):

William A. Batkay, Authoritarian Politics in a Transitional State: Istvan Bethlen and the Unified Party in Hungary, 1919-1926, East Eur. Mon. 102, New York, 1982;

Ignac Romsics, Istvan Bethlen. A Great Conservative Statesman, 1874-1945, East Eur. Monographs, New York, 1995.

(b) Nicholas de Nagabanya Horthy (1868-1957 Regent of Hungary 1920-1944; died in exile, Portugal.)

Nicholas Horthy, Memoirs, New York, 1957;

(His own story, written in old age and in exile. His remains were reburied in his native Hungary in the 1990s.)

Thomas L. Sakmyster, Hungary's Admiral on Horseback: Miklos Horthy, 1918- 1944, East European Monographs/ Columbia University Press, 1998.

(Sakmyster was then professor of history at the University of Cincinnati. This is a balanced study of a controversial statesman. See excellent review of this book by the Istvan Deak, "Survivor in a Sea of Barbarism," New York Review of Books, April 8, 1999, pp. 53-56. On Deak, see below.)

(c) Pal Teleki (1879-1941 (Premier 1920-21, 1939-41, committed suicide when Horthy decided to invade Yugoslavia, spring 1941.)

Lorant Tilkovszky, Pal Teleki (1879-1941): a Biographical Sketch, Budapest, 1974.

The official, negative view under communist rule, but useful.)

(iii). On Hungarian interwar politics, see:

Istvan Deak, "Hungary," in: Hans Rogger and Eugene Weber, eds., THE EUROPEAN RIGHT, Berkeley, CA, 1965; (pp. 346-407).

( Deak , b. Hungary, 1926, is the pre-minent American historian of Hungary. He then taught at Columbia University, New York, N. Y.)

Lorand Dombrady, Army and Politics in Hungary, 1938-1945, ed. by Gyula Razso, Boulder CO, 2005.(See Paul Dunay, Slavic Review, v. 66, no. 3, fall 2007, pp. 524-525.)

Zsuzsa L. Nagy, The Liberal Opposition in Hungary, 1919-1945, Budapest, 1983.

Janos Pelle, Sowing the Seeds of Hatred: Anti-Jewish Laws and Hungarian Public Opinion, New York, N.Y., 2004.

Ferenc Poloskei, Hungary after Two Revolutions, 1919-1922, Budapest, 1980. (By a Marxist historian.)

John C. Swanson, The Remnants of the Habsburg Monarchy: The Shaping of Modern Austria and Hungary, 1918-1922, New York, N.Y.,2001.

(iv). On Hungarian interwar communism, see relevant chapters in:

Bennett Kovrig, COMMUNISM IN HUNGARY: FROM KUN TO KADAR, Stanford, CA, 1979.

(B. Kovrig, b. Hungary, 1940, , university studies Toronto and London; was then professor Political Science,. University of Toronto.)

Miklos Molnar, From Bela Kun to Janos Kadar. Seventy Years of Hungarian Communism, (English edition), New York, 1990.

(By a Hungarian scholar, then professor at the Institute of International Studies, Geneva.)

(v). On Hungarian interwar fascism, see:

George Barany, "The Dragon's Teeth; the Roots of Hungarian Fascism," in: Peter F. Sugar ed., Native Fascism in the Successor States, 1918-1945, Santa Barbara, 1971;

(Barany, b. Hungary, was an American historian of Hungarian origin, author of the classic biography of 19th c. Hungarian statesman Istvan Szechenyi,. see this Bibliography, Part I.)

Miklos Lacko, ARROW-CROSS MEN, NATIONAL SOCIALISTS, 1935- 1944, Budapest, 1969;

(Written under some political restrictions.)

Nicholas M. Nagy-Talavera, THE GREEN SHIRTS AND OTHERS. A History of Fascism in Hungary and Rumania, Stanford, CA, 1970.

(Nagy-Talavera, b. Hungary, 1929, studied in Austria and U. S, taught at California State University, Chico, CA; this is an excellent study of the fascist movements in these two countries.)

(vi). On Hungarian interwar foreign policy, see:

Nandor A. F. Dreisziger, HUNGARY'S WAY TO WORLD WAR II, Toronto, 1968.

(Good study by a Canadian scholar of Hungarian descent.)

Gyula Juhasz, Hungarian Foreign Policy 1919-1945, Budapest, 1979

(By a Hungarian specialist. Ch. 1 through 4 cover the interwar period; generally balanced history though written under some political constraints.)

Stephen D. Kertesz, DIPLOMACY IN A WHIRLPOOL. Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, Notre Dame, IN, 1953 (ch. 1-3).

(S. D. Kertesz, Political Scientist, b. Hungary, 1904, educated in Hungary, France, U. S., Switzerland. He was in Hung. dipl. service 1931-47, then U. S; taught at University of Notre Dame. This is a partly outdated but still useful study.)

C. A. Macartney, HUNGARY AND HER SUCCESSORS: The Treaty of Trianon and its Consequences, 1919-1937, Oxford, London, 1937, reprint 1968

(By the late British historian of Hungary who agreed with the Hungarian point of view: need to restore prewar Hungary.)

John Flournoy Montgomery, Hungary: the Unwilling Satellite, New York, 1947.

(By the U. S. ambassador in Hungary, 1933-41; has some information on interwar Hungary.)

Thomas L. Sakmyster, Hungary, The Great Powers, and the Danubian Crisis, 1936-1939, Athens, Ga., 1980.

(Sakmyster paints a rather negative picture of Hung. foreign policy in this period; see also his biography of Horthy listed above.)

(vii) Germans in interwar Hungary and German-Hungarian relations.

Thomas Spira, German-Hungarian Relations and the Swabian Problem: from Karolyi to Gombos, 1919-1936, East Eur. Mon. 25, New York, 1977

(Focuses on the German minority in Hungary.)

same, The German-Hungarian-Swabian Triangle, 1936-1939: the Road to Discord, East Eur. Mon. 285, New York, 1990. (Continuation of the work listed above.)

(viii) On the Jews in interwar Hungary, see:

Nathaniel Katzburg, HUNGARY AND THE JEWS: Policy and Legislation, 1920- 1943, Ramat-Gan, Israel, 1981.

Janos Pelle, Sowing the Seeds of Hatred: Anti-Jewish Laws and Hungarian Public Opinion, 1938-1944, New York, 2004.

Nicholas M. Nagy-Talavera, THE GREEN SHIRTS AND OTHERS. (1970) ch. II.

(On N-Talavera, see v above.)

(ix) On the Hungarian interwar economy, see:

T. Ivan Berend and Gyorgy. Ranki, Hungary. A Century of Economic Development, New York, 1974.

(By two historians of Hungarian origin.; G. Ranki, d. 1988, taught at Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Berend, b. 1930, has published several lbooks on the history of E Central Europe and Hungary.)

Joseph L. Held, ed., The Modernization of Agriculture; Rural Transformation in Hungary, 1848-1975, East Eur. Mon. 63, New York, 1980.

(Held, an American scholar of Hungary, also edited the Columbia History of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1992)..

Andrew C. Janos, The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825-1945, Princeton, N. J., 1982.

(A. C. Janos, b. Hungary, 1934, studied in Hungary and U. S; taught Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley, C. This is a readable and well documented study.)

(x). On Hungarian historiography, see:

Stephen Bela Vardy, Clio's Art in Hungary and and in Hungarian-America, East Eur. Mon. 179, New York, 1985.

see also article on Hungarian Historiography in American Historical Review October 1992. .

C. Interwar Poland, 1918-1939.

(i)

For a brief survey of Modern Poland, see:

Mieczyslaw B. Biskupski, The History of Poland, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 2000, chapters.

(An excellent, succinct history focusing on the 20th c., with a glossary and bibliography -- but, alas, no maps.)

Norman Davies, GOD 'S PLAYGROUND. A HISTORY OF POLAND vol. II, New York, 1982, 2003, ch. 19 (pp. 393-434).

(N. Davies, a Welshman b. in England 1940, is the pre-eminent British historian of modern Poland, but the interwar years are not as well covered in this work as other periods of Polish history.)

For a more extensive survey of the period 1863-1976, see:

R. F. Leslie, The History of Poland since 1863, ch. 4-7 (by Antony Polonsky), Cambridge University Press, 1980 (pp. 112-226).

(A useful survey; but see Polonsky's book on the politics of independent Poland.)

(ii) Useful information on Polish interwar constitutional development, political parties, politics, minorities, economic, social, and cultural development, is to be found in:

Bernadotte E. Schmitt, ed., POLAND, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1945.

(B. E. Schmidt, 1886-1969, was an eminent American historian of international relations. At the time of publication, he was teaching at the University of Chicago. The book has valuable short studies of various aspects of interwar Poland by contemporary specialists.)

Marci Shore, Caviar and Ashes: A Warsaw Generation's Life and Death in Marxism, 1918-1968, New Haven, CT., 2006.

(A beautifully written account of Polish intellectuals, writers and artists, most of them of Jewish origin, who were enamored of Marxism until they met with the real thing in Soviet form.. The story ends in 1968 when the communist Polish United Workers' Party waged an anti-Semitic campaign that led to the exodus of thousands of educated Poles of Jewish origin. The author received a prize from the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America in November 2007.)

Stanislaw Stronski, The Two Polish Consitutions of 1921 and 1935, The Polish Library, Glasgow, 1944.

(Stanislaw Stronski, 1883-1955, was a prominent National Democratic politician, opponent of J. Pilsudski and the post-1926 Polish governments. He was a close adviser of General W. Sikorski, head of the Polish government-in-exile, Sept. 1939-July 1943, a deputy Premier, 1939-40, and Minister of Information, 1940- 1943. He settled in the UK after WWII and died there. These are his views of the two constitutions.)

For views of interwar Poland from the perspective of 1985, see papers in:

Timothy Wiles, ed., POLAND BETWEEN THE WARS, 1918-1939, sec. I, History and Society, Bloomington, IN, 1989 (Conference, Indiana University Polish Studies Center, Feb. 1985, pp. 3-64).

(Timothy Wiles,(d. 2003, was a long time Director of the Polish Studies Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. The book contains papers by Polish and American scholars.)

See also:

Acta Poloniae Historica vol. 79, 1999
(Has articles on children's upbringing and education in Poland from early modern times through 1956. APH is a high quality English-language historical journal edited by the Polish historian Maria Bogucka and published by the History Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw.)

(x) Interwar Polish Foreign Policy:

Anna M. Cienciala, "Polish Foreign Policy, 1926-1939; 'Equilibrium,' Stereotype and Reality," Polish Review, vol. XX, no. 1, 1975, pp. 42-58.

(A. M. Cienciala,(b. Free City of Danzig/, Gdansk, now in Poland, 1929), Prof. Em. of History at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, is a historian of European International Relations 1914-45 with sp. emphasis omn Poland, . She shows that the stereotype view of Polish foreign policy in the period 1933-39 as pro-German is unjustified.)

Roman Debicki, Foreign Policy of Poland 1919-1939. From the Rebirth of the Polish Republic to World War II, (New York, 1962).

(Kazimierz Roman Debicki, 1896-1980, was a Polish diplomat; this is a useful, basic, survey.)

See also:

Thaddeus V. Gromada, ed. Essays on Poland's Foreign Policy, 1918- 1939, (New York, 1970).

(T. Gromada, b. 1929, is a Polish-American historian, Professor Em. Jersey State College; long-time Secretary General, later Exec. Director and now [2009]President of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America, New York. This is a set of useful essays including: the Treaty of Riga, 1921, the Weimar Republic and the German-Polish border, and the impact on the Franco-Polish alliance of the Remilitarization of the Rhineland; first published in the Polish Review, fall 1969.)

Alexander Korczynski, ed., Poland Between Germany and Russia, 1920- 1939: The Theory of Two Enemies ( New York, 1975).

(same published in the Polish Review, vol. 20, no. 1, New York, 1975.

See also:

Cienciala, Poland and the Western Powers 1938-1939. A Study in the Interdependence of Eastern and Western Europe, (London, Toronto, 1968) ch. I, II, III..

(The book, a revised Ph.D. dissertation, is based on Polish archival sources available in London and still valuable for Polish foreign policy. British and French archival sources inaccessible at that time, were used in the author's chapter in the Latynski and Lukes and Goldstein books.

Piotr S. Wandycz, "Poland between East and West," in: G. Martel, The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered, (1986), pp. 187-209.

(Deals with Taylor's negative evaluation of Polish foreign policy.)

8. Soviet policy in the Munich Crisis and 1939.

Anna M. Cienciala, "The Nazi-Soviet Pact of August 23 1939. When did Stalin Decide to Align with Hitler, and Was Poland the Culprit?" in: M.B.B. Biskupski, ed., Ideology, Politics and Diplomacy in East Central Europe (University of Rochester Press, 2003), pp. 147-226.

The author , b.Danzig/Gdansk 1929, Prof. Em. History Univ. of Kansas and a specialist in European diplomatic history, 1914-45, argues that Stalin aimed at alignment with Hitler at least as of 3 May 1939 - dismissal of Maxim Litvinov as Commissar for Foreign Affairs - if not earlier, and that Polish opposition to the Soviet demand for Red Army entry into Poland in case of war with Germany was not the decisive factor in his decision.)

Jonathan Haslam, The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe, 1933-1939 (New York, 1984).

(J. Haslam was then a Fellow and Director of Studies in History at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, UK, and a specialist on inter-war Soviet foreign policy This work is favorable to Stalin, claiming he had no other choice but to conclude a pact with Hitler. However, his chapter in a more recent book shows a change of view, see below)

Jonathan Haslam, "Litvinov, Stalin and the Road not Taken," in: Gabriel Gorodetsky, ed., Soviet Foreign Policy 1917-1991. A Retrospective, (London, 1994), ch. 5, pp. 55-64.

(Here Haslam argues that Stalin decided to throw in his hand with Hitler when he dismissed Maxim M. Litvinov as Commissar of Foreign Affairs, May 3, 1939. Molotov replaced Litvinov while also remaining Head of the Soviet Council of Ministers (Cabinet). Gorodetsky was then Director of the Cummings Center for Russia and East European Studies, and Academic Adviser to the Staff College of the Israeli Defense Forces. He is a historian of Anglo-Soviet relations and has published many books dealing with Soviet foreign policy..)

A. A. Gromyko and B. N. Ponomarev eds., Soviet Foreign Policy, vol. I., 1917-1945 (Moscow, 1980), ch. XI, pp. 325-345..

(Andrei A. Gromyko,(1909-1989, was Soviet Commissar of Foreign Affairs 1938-52 and 1957-1985. Boris N. Ponomarev, b. 1905, was head of the Central Committee's International Department, 1955-1985. The work gives the official Soviet view; it accuses Britain and France of plotting to push Hitler into an attack on the USSR, thus forcing Stalin into a pact with Hitler. This view is shared even by such a strong critic of Stalin as the late Russian historian Dmitri Volkogonov (see below)

Jiri Hochman, The Soviet Union and the Failure of Collective Security, 1934-1938 (Ithaca, 1984)

.( J. Hochman,(b. Prague, 1926, has edited Alexander Dubcek's memoirs [see Bibl. Part III]; then taught in the School of Journalism, Ohio State University and returned to Prague after the collapse of communism in 1989. The book is critical of Soviet foreign policy in the 1930s;:it includes Romanian Foreign Minister Petrescu Comnene's French language letter of Sept. 24, 1938, to Soviet Foreign Commissar, Maxim Litvinov, when both were in Geneva, giving the Romanian government's consent to the transit of Soviet troops through Romania to Czechoslovakia in case of war, also for the overflight of Soviet planes [Appendix C, pp. 194-201, text in French]. Some historians doubt the letter is genuine in view of spelling mistakes though Comnene was proficient in French. Either he or Litvinov, might, however, have dictated it to a secretary whose French was not perfect. The question is, who would have had an interest in forging such a letter? It seems that Litvinov would have had more interest to do so than Comnene.)

Igor Lukes, "Stalin and Czechoslovakia in 1938-39: An Autopsy of a Myth," in: Lukes and Goldstein, eds., The Munich Crisis 1938 (London, Portland OR., 1999), pp. 13-47.

(The author does not believe that Stalin ever intended to give Czechoslovakia military help in a war with Germany. He also cites a Czech report about Zhdanov's visit in Prague and his statements to leaders of the Czechoslovak Communist Party there. Other historians specializing in Soviet-Czech relations think it is a forgery. Again, the quetion is, who would have had an interest in forging this document? Zhdanov, party leader in Leningrad, was very close to Stalin, but why should he have been sent to Prague?)

New Documents on the History of Munich, Prague, 1958.

(Even these documents, carefully selected from the Czechoslovak and Soviet archives, throw doubt on Stalin's readiness to aid Czechoslovakia.):

Hugh Ragsdale, The Soviets, the Munich Crisis, and the Coming of World War II (Cambridge, 2004).

(Ragsdale develops the thesis outlined in an earlier article of his, that theWestern view of Soviet unreliability was incorrect and that the Red Army was ready to intervene. No detailed Soviet military plan has, however, come to light and when Benes asked, on receiving the Munich Conference decision on the Sudetenland on Sept. 30 1938, whether the Soviets would help -- the answer came after he resigned as President and was the same as before: the Soviets would help if France did so first; this was in accordance with the Czechoslovak-Soviet alliance of May 1935.)

Dmitri Volkogonov, STALIN, TRIUMPH AND TRAGEDY, tr and ed. Harold Shukman (New York, 1988).

(General Dmitri Volkogonov, 1928-1995, was Deputy Chief of the Red Army's Political Administration for many years after 1970. He also held several other posts, including Head of the Soviet Institute of Military History in 1992, but lost it when he wrote a revisionist version of the Soviet Union in World War II, criticizing Stalin. He was a historical adviser to President Boris N. Yeltsin. Besides the book on Stalin, he wrote biographies of Trotsky and Lenin. All three books are based on archival sources and are highly critical of their subjects. He shared, however, the standard Soviet view that Stalin was pushed into a pact with Hitler by the policy of France and Britain toward Germany; this is also the view of most. Russian historians today. Volkogonov's papers are in the Library of Congress. Harold Shukman, b. London,1931, has written and translated many books dealing with Soviet history. He is a member of the Russian Center, St. Anthony's College, Oxford, UK).

9. The Germans of Czechoslovakia before and after World War I.

(See under Czechoslovakia, above).

Section 10.The British Guarantee to Poland and the Outbreak of World War II.

1. General

A. J. P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War (London 1961, and later reprints).

(On A. J. P. Taylor, see earlier mentions under Appeasement). This is a frankly biased defense of Br. appeasement; for a critiques, see : Gordon Martel, ed., The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered. The A. J. P. Taylor Debate after Twenty-Five Years, Boston, 1986.)

2. Detailed.

Anna M. Cienciala, Poland and the Western Powers, 1938-1939. A Study in the Interdependence of Eastern and Western Europe (London, Toronto, 1968), ch. VII.

(Based largely on Polish government documents held in the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, London, the book is still valuable for Polish foreign policy, but British and French archival sources were unavailable at the time. For a study based on these as well as Polish documents, see:

same: "Poland in British and French Policy in 1939: Determination to Fight or Avoid War?" Polish Review, vol. 24, 1989, no. 3, pp. 199-226. Reprinted in a slightly shortened form in: Patrick Finney, ed., The Origins of the Second World War (London, 1997), pp. 413-433.

Simon Newman, March 1939: The British Guarantee to Poland (Oxford, 1979).

(S. Newman is a Canadian historian. The book is valuable for citing archival British documents, but the author's thesis that the British government guaranteed Poland in order to provoke Germany into war is definitely a minority view).

Anita J. Prazmowska, Britain, Poland, and the Eastern Front, 1939 (Cambridge, UK, 1987).

(A. Prazmowsk is of Polish origin and then taught at the London School of Economics and Political Science. The book is very good on British policy, but the author's view of Polish foreign policy follows the negative stereotype).

Donald Cameron Watt, How War Came. The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938-1939 (New York, 1989).

D. C. Watt, b. Rugby, UK, 1928, served in the British Army, 1946-48, was an assistant editor, Foreign Office, 1951-53 editing Documents on German Foreign Policy, and was then the Stevenson Professor of International Relations, London School of Economics. He edited several volumes of British Documents on Foreign Affairs, 1859-1914. He is the pre-eminent British historian on the subject; the book is well written with exhaustive detail, but presents the standard, stereotype view of Polish foreign policy.)`

Section 11. EASTERN EUROPE IN WORLD WAR II.

For a brief survey, see:

Joseph Rotschild, Nancy M. Wingfield, Return to Diversity. A Political History of East Central Europe since World War II, 4th edition, (Oxford, New York,2008)..

(On J. Rothschild, d. 1999, see listing of his book on interwar E. Europe. The lst edition of this book came out in 1989, the 2nd in 1993; the 3rd and 4th were updated and edited by Prof. Nancy M. Wingfield of Northern Illinois University.)

For more detailed surveys and interpretations, see:

Stephen D. Kertesz, ed., THE FATE OF EAST CENTRAL EUROPE. Hopes and Failures of American Foreign Policy (Notre Dame, IN, 1956).

(S. D. Kertesz, b. Hungary, 1904, analyzes U. S. foreign policy toward E. Europe. The book is outdated but still worth reading.)

Geir Lundestad, THE AMERICAN NON-POLICY TOWARDS EASTERN EUROPE 1943-1947. Universalism in an Area Not of Essential Interest to the United States (Tromso, Norway, 1978).

(Detailed, critical survey of American universalism and studies by country, written with Nordic thoroughness by a Norwegian scholar.)

Vojtech Mastny, RUSSIA'S ROAD TO THE COLD WAR. Warfare and the Politics of Communism, 1941-1945 (New York, 1979).

(V. Mastny ,b. Prague, 1936, then taught at the Center for International Affirs, Boston University. This is still a valuable study although it lacks Russian documents on foreign polcy for 1939-41, published in the early 1990s.The series of documentary volumes stops at end Dec. 1942 and has not advanced since the last vol. published, presumably for reasons of state.)

same, The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity. The Stalin Years (New York, Oxford, 1996), ch. 1..

(Note: Russian archive materials on foreign and military policy are still largely classified for the period 1921- 45, although some documents are available for the Cold War Years.)

Mark Mazower, Hitler's Empire; How the Nazis Ruled Europe (New York, 2008)

(M. Mazower, a professor of history at Columbia University, New York, has published several books on recent Balkan history, including two on. Greece. The book on Hitler's empire shows mastery of the subject, is well written, and includes a survey of Central/Eastern Europe for 1939-45.)

Jean W. Sedlar, Hitler's Central European Empire, 1938-1945 (Bangor, ME, 2007).

Jean W. Sedlar, The Axis Empire in Southeast Europe, 1939-1945 (Bangor, ME, 2007)

(Jean W. Sedlar, a specialist medieval East Central Europe, has also written on India and the Greek world and India in the mind of Germany, as well as readings in world history. In the two volumes on Hitler's rule over East Central and Southeast Europe, she traces the history of all the countries involved proceeding simultaneously by major periods and including Finland in East Central Europe. This is unusual but justified because Finland was involved in WW2 when attacked by the USSR, which led to the Soviet-Finnish war, also known as the "Winter War," Nov.30, 1939-March 12,1940. The Finns made victory very costly to the Soviets and managed to preserve their autonomy in the period 1945-89.)

i. Poland in WW II

For Surveys see:

Jozef Garlinski, Poland in the Second World War (New York, 1985).

(J. Garlinski, b. Poland, 1913, d. London c. 2004, served in the Polish Underground Army and was a prisoner in WW II; lived in London after the war. This is a good overview. He wrote 16 other books in Polish and English; these in English were on the "Enigma" code, the German V1 and V-2 weapons, and resistance in Auschwitz.) See also:

Michael Alfred Peszke, Battle for Warsaw, 1939-1944, East European Monographs no. CDXXVII (Boulder CO, and New York, 1995).

(This is a history of Poland's armed struggle in World War II with key treaties in appendices, also a chronology and bibliography of English and Polish language works. A. M. Peszke, b. Deblin, Poland, 1932, is a psychiatrist by profession and a historian by avocation. He has published a book on the Polish Navy in World War II, and has written on the Polish air force).

Steven J. Zaloga, The Polish Army 1939-1945, Color Plates by Richard Hook, Osprey Men-at-Arms Series, 117, ( London, 1982).

(Arms, uniforms and battles of Polish armed forces in East and West, with many photographs; Steven J. Zaloga is a Polish-American military historian who co- authored a book on the Polish-German war of 1939.)

(ii) The German-Polish War, September 1 October 5, 1939.

Nicholas W. Bethell, THE WAR HITLER WON; The Fall of Poland, September 1939, (New York, 1972).

(By a British author, this book deals mainly with British passivity. It is based on British and Polish documents, oral accounts; reproduces contemporary political cartoons).

Lynne Olson and Stanley Cloud, A Question of Honor. The Kosciuszko Squadron. Forgotten Heroes of World War II,( New York, 2003).

(A lively account of Polish pilots in the Battle of Britain, plus a history of Poland written in a patriotic Polish spirit and condemning the western betrayal of Poland at the end of WW II. The American authors became interested in the subject and were aided in their work by a Polish researcher. General Wladyslaw Anders is unfairly criticized for not getting more Poles out of the USSR to Iran; he could not do more because of Soviet opposition. For a critical review see John Whiteclay Chambers II, The Washington Post, "Book World," 12-18 October 2003. For the polemic (in Polish) between Chambers and the authors, joined by famous Polish WWII historian, Wladyslaw Bartoszewski, see the Polish language New York paper, Nowy Dziennik, Sat-Sun. 7-8 Feb. 2004, pp. 36-37.

Jerzy B. Cynk, HISTORY OF THE POLISH AIR FORCE 1918-1968, (Reading, England, 1972), ch. 4, pp. 121-155.

(J. B. Cynk, b. Poland, 1925, was in the Polish resistance in WW II; was imprisoned in Auschwitz; settled in UK after the war. He tends to be overly critical of the small funding of the interwar Polish air force; Poland was an underdeveloped country which had much to catch up with after over 100 years under foreign rule during the partition period.)

Robert M. Kennedy, THE GERMAN CAMPAIGN IN POLAND (1939), Washington, (Dept. of the Army) D. C., 1956.

(The book is based exclusively on German sources available at the time. For a more recent and comprehensive account, see Zaloga and Madaj below).

Janusz Piekalkiewicz, The Cavalry of World War Two, (London, 1979).

(On the Polish cavalry in Sept. 1939-- which did not attack German tanks (!). The author is a Polish military historian living in Western Europe).

Alexander B. Rossino, Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity (Lawrence, KS, 2003).

(The author, b. 1966, discusses Nazi goals and atrocities in the Polish-German war of September 1939. He sees the atrocities and other German measures against both Jews and ethnic Poles -- mostly targetting the latter at this time -- as the laboratory for what the German army was to do in the Balkans and in the USSR. See Cienciala review in the Polish Review, 2004.)

General K. S. Rudnicki, THE LAST OF THE WAR HORSES, (London, 1974),(ch. 1 - 5. )

(Klemens Rudnicki, 1897-1995, served in the Pilsudski Legions in WW!, then in the interwar Polish Army; was imprisoned in USSR 1939-41, then served in the Polish Second Corps; after the war in U.K.)

S. J. Zaloga and Victor Madej, THE POLISH CAMPAIGN 1939 (New York, 1985).

(This is a v. good study by two Polish-American military historians, but without notes and, unfortunately, with the stereotype, negative view of Polish interwar foreign policy. On the latter, see books and articles by Anna M. Cienciala.)

Adam Zamoyski, THE FORGOTTEN FEW. The Polish Air Force in the Second World War (London, 1995), ch. 2.

(Adam Zamoyski, b. of Polish parents, New York, 1949, lives in London and has authored several books on Polish history. This is a well deserved tribute to largely unknown Polish airmen. Compare with the Olson and Cloud book listed above.).

(iii) The Polish contribution to breaking German military codes.

Jozef Garlinski, The Enigma War (New York, 1980).

(On the Polish contiibtuion see below. On J. Garlinski, see section 1 above).

Wladyslaw Kozaczuk (trans. and edited by Christopher Kasparek), Enigma: How the German Cipher Machine was Broken and How it was Read by the Allies in World War II, (University Publications of America, 1984).

(Detailed account of a key Polish contribution to the western Allies by a Polish authority on the subject. In September 2,000, Prince Edward of Britain presented to the Polish Government in Warsaw copies of the two enigma machines given secretly by the Poles to British and French military intelligence in Warsaw, July 1939. This was the beginning of the work that continued in Bletchley Park, England. Prince Edward also promised to have the Polish contribution to breaking the German codes included in the Encyclopedia Britannica article on code breaking in WW II).

Richard A. Woytak, ON THE BORDER OF WAR AND PEACE. Polish Intelligence and Diplomacy in 1937-1939 and the Origins of the Ultra Secret, East Eur. Mon. no XLIX, (Boulder CO, and New York, 1979).

(The late R. A. Woytak was an American historian of Polish descent.)

(iv) The Poles under the German occupation.

Szymon Datner, Janusz Gumkowski, Kazimierz Leszczynski, War Crimes in Poland. Genocide 1939-1945, (Wydawnictwo Zachodnie, Poznan, Warsaw, 1962).

(Deals with German war crimes against the Polish population; has lists of executions by location; see also Pilichowski below.)

Lucjan Dobroszycki, REPTILE JOURNALISM. The Official Polish-Language Press under the Nazis, 1939-1945, (New Haven, CT, London, 1994).

(L. Dobroszycki,(b. Lodz, Poland, 1925, d. New York, 1998, worked as a historian in Poland, then at theYIVO Institute, New York and authored works on Polish Jews. Every German-occupied country's official press was under German control.)

Jan T. Gross, Polish Society under German Occupation: The General- Gouvernement, 1939-1944, (Princeton, N. J., 1979).

(J. T. Gross,(b. Poland, 1947,, a Political Scientist, then taught at New York University. This is a sociological-historical study, very critical of Polish attitudes toward the Jews; compare with R. C. Lukas work below.).

Alicja Iwanska, Polish Intelligentsia in Nazi Concentration Camps and American Exile. A Study of Values in Crisis Situations, (Mellon, Lewiston, ca. 1998).

(A. Iwanska, b. Lublin, Poland, 1919, d. London, 1998, was a sociologist, poet, and biographer. She fought in the Polish resistance in WW II, studied Philosophy in Poland and U. S., then Anthropology and Sociology. She taught for many years at SUNY, Albany, N. Y., published 10 sociological-anthropological studies, moved to London after retiring in 1985.)

Richard C. Lukas, The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939-1944, (Louisville, Ky, 1986 and New York, 1997).

(R. C. Lukas, b. Lynn, Mass, 1937, is an American historian of Polish descent, author of books on Polish history; now retired, living in Florida. The book led to a vigorous polemic with Israeli historian Engel in the Slavic Review in 1987).

Same, Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939-1945 (New York, 1994).

Same, Forgotten Survivors: Polish Christians Remember the Nazi Occupation (Lawrence, KS 2004).

Diemut Majer, Non-Germans under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939-1945, translated by Peter Thomas Hill, Edward Vance, and Brian Levin, (Baltimore, MD, 2003.Ta

Czeslaw Pilichowski, No Time Limit for these Crimes! (Council for the Protection of Monuments of Struggle and Martyrdom), Interpress, Warsaw, 1980.

(Gives an overview of German occupation policies, also graphic accounts of German crimes against ethnic Poles and Polish Jews; many illustrations; useful appendices giving numbers and nationalities of prisoners in German camps.)

Piotrowski, Tadeusz, Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with the Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Polish Republic, 1918-1947 (Jefferson, N.C., 1987).

(By a Sociologist b. in eastern Poland, 1940, professor at the University of New Hampshire, Manchester, N.H.. The book covers interwar, wartime, and early postwar Poland. Piotrowski has written four other books on Poles in WWII.)

Philip Rutherford, Prelude to the Final Solution: the Nazi Program for Deporting Ethnic Poles, 1939-1941 (Lawrence, KS, 2007).

(Has a good, preliminary chapter on pre-1939 Polish-German relations and gives much unknown or little known information on the deportation of Poles from western Poland, annexed to Germany, to the General-Gouvernement = German-occupied Poland, as well as on the unrealistic German program of deporting most Poles to Siberia after the expected German conquest of the USSR.)

(v) The Polish resistance movement and underground state in WW II.

Czeslaw Z. Banasiewicz, Tadeusz Bielecki, Leszek Szymanski, Warsaw Aflame. The 1939-1945 Years, (Polamerica Press, Los Angeles, CA, 1973).

(This is an album of photographs mostly unknown in the West, with text by two Polish emigre writers, L. Szymanski (b. Poland, 1934) and T. Bielecki, b. Poland, 1922. Bielecki fought in the Polish Home Army. Banasiewicz,(b. Poland, 1934, who spent a few months in a prison camp, provided graphics for the album. This is an excellent, chronological account of Polish resistance.)

Wladyslaw Bartoszewski, WARSAW DEATH RING 1919-1944, (Warsaw, 1968).

(Wladyslaw Bartoszewski, b. Warsaw, 1922,, was a prisoner in Auschwitz, 1940-41, a soldier in the Polish underground army, a founding member of "Zegota," the Polish underground organization established in summer 1942 to help save Jews, a dissident under communist regimes, and author of many articles and books on the Polish resistance and Polish-Jewish relations during the war. This book is an illustrated account of the German terror in Warsaw. After the collapse of communism in Poland in summer1989, Bartoszewski served as Polish ambassador in Austria, and in 2000, as Polish Foreign Minsister.He is the recipient of many honors, including his work for Polish-German relations.

Kazimierz Iranek-Osmecki, The Unseen and Silent: Adventures from the Underground Movement Narrated by Paratroops of the Polish Home Army, (London, 1954).

(Author tells stories of Polish paratroopers, known as "the unseen and silent," sent from Britain to be dropped by parachute in Poland. General K. Iranek-Osmecki, 1897-1984, was chief of the Home Army Intelligence Service; fought in the Warsaw Uprising of Aug-Oct. 1944;, was taken prisoner by the Germans, and settled in the U.K. after the war.

Stefan Korbonski, The Polish Underground State: A Guide to the Underground, 1939-1944, (New York, 1981).

(S. Korbonski, b. Poland, 1903, d. Washington, D. C., 1989, was a prominent member of the Polish Peasant Party, Head of the Civilian Resistance movement under the German occupation, and the last Delegate of the Polish Government in Poland. This is an excellent guide to the subject.)

Tadeusz Bor-Komorowski, The Secret Army, (London, 1950; reprint Nashville, TN., 1984).

(General T. Bor-Komorowski, 1895-1966, was Commander-in-chief of the Home Army, 1943-44, including the Warsaw Uprising; this is a translation of his account. He settled in London after the war and died there.)

See also articles translated from Polish on: http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/Essays.htm.

(vi) Polish World War II accounts and memoirs.

Stefan Badeni, A Stranger to Hell. A Memoir by Stefan Badeni, Introduction by Jan Badeni, (Padstow, Cornwall, U.K., 1988).

(A Polish aristocrat writes about his imprisonment in the German concentration camp at Mauthausen.)

Beyond Human Endurance: The Ravensbruck Women Tell Their Stories, (Warsaw, 1970).

( Personal accounts of young Polish women used for medical experiments in Ravensbruck concentration camp, Germany.)

Jozef Garlinski, THE SURVIVAL OF LOVE. Memoirs of a Resistance Officer, (Oxford, 1991).

(The late Jozef Garlinski was a member of the Armia Krajowa = Polish Home Army. He wrote several books on Poles and Poland in WWII.).

Same, Fighting Auschwitz. The Resistance Movement in the Concentration Camp, (London, 1975)..

Karolina Lanckoronska, Michelangelo in Ravesnbruck: One Woman's War against the Nazis (Cambridge, MA, 2007).

(This memoir, also publishedas: Those Who Trespass against Us: One Woman's War against the Nazis, London, 2005,, recounts the resistance of an extraordinary woman. Lanckoronska, born into a wealthy, Polish noble family, was educated as an art historian; she tells of her underground work in German-occupied Poland; her imprisonment and near escape of death there; then of imprisonment in the German concentration camp at Ravensbruck. When liberated, she joined the Polish Second Corps in Italy and settled in Rome after the war. There she funded and edited a series of volumes on Polish historical sources and a historical journal: Antemurale. She established the Lanckoronski Foundation which supports publications dealing with Polish history and culture.

George "Jur" Lerski, Poland's Secret Envoy, 1939-1945, (New York, 1988).

(Lerski, 1917-1992, was parachuted into German-occupied Poland in Feb. 1943 as a special emissary of General W. Sikorski, head of the Polish govt. in London and commander-in-chief Polish armed forces. Lerski returned to London overland through Europe, leaving in late 1943 and arriving in March 1944. The book is valuable not only for the account of Lerski's daring mission, but also for his potrayal of the Polish govt. in London. He taught for many years at the University of San Francisco, edited a book of douments on Herbert Hoover's help to Poland, also a dictionary of Polish history to 1945.).

Jan Nowak [Jezioranski], Courier from Warsaw, (Detroit, 1982).

(Jan Zdzislaw Nowak-Jezioranski, b Warsaw, 1913, d. Warsaw c. 2005,. worked for the underground army's "Department of Misinformation," directed at the Germans. He traveled as a courier to Sweden and to U.K, returning in time for the Warsaw Uprising, which he witnessed, then escaped to the West. He was for many years, the director of the Polish Section of Radio Free Europe in Munich,then lived in Washington, D.C.. There, he played an active part in the extension of NATO to include Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic in 1999. He was also active in the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America.)

Kon Piekarski, Escaping Hell: The Story of a Polish Underground Officer in Auschwitz and Buchenwald (Toronto, 1989).

Witold Sagaillo, THE MAN IN THE MIDDLE. A Story of the Polish Resistance: 1940- 1945, (New York, 1985).

(A Polish naval officer recounts his experiences in the Polish underground movement during the war.)

Irene Tomaszewski ed., I am First a Human Being. The Prison Letters of Krystyna Wituska, (Montreal, 1997).

John Wiernicki, War in the Shadow of Auschwitz: Memoirs of a Polish Resistance Fighter and Survivor of the Death Camps (Syracuse, N.Y., 2001).

(Krystyna Wituska was imprisoned by the Germans and executed in a Berlin prison.)

(vii) The Warsaw Uprising of the Home Army against the Germans, Aug. 1 -Oct. 2 1944.

Wlodzimierz Borodziej, The Warsaw Uprising of 1944, (Madison, WI, 2006)

(This is a v. good, short study by a Polish historian; see review by Piotr Wrobel in Slavic Review, vol. 66, no. 3, fall 2007, p. 519.)

Jan M. Ciechanowski, The Warsaw Rising of 1944 (London, New York, 1974).

(The author, a veteran of the Warsaw Uprising, condemns the Polish govt. and Underground leadership for the decision to fight; a view not shared by J.K. Zawodny, below. The consenus of Polish historians on the 50th anniversary, 1994, was the the rising was doomed but unavoidable given the circumstances of the time.)

Norman Davies, Rising '44. The Battle for Warsaw, (London, 2003).

(Norman Davies, b. 1940 in England -- but a Welshman -- has been the most prominent British historian of modern Poland since 1980. This is a great achievement and a most welcome one for the 60th anniversary of the rising in 2004. Written with the author's customary verve, the book is best in describing the street by street fighting in the city, but contains some errors and exaggerations elsewhere. His decision not to write out Polish names in full but give the first letter and the names in an appendix may make the work more accessible to English language readers but is controversial. For a short, judicious review see Timothy Snyder "Pity the first ally," Times Literary Supplements, Feb. 20, 2004, p. 13. The Polish edition, published in 2004, is more extensive. There is also a v. interesting Polish work on how the book was researched and written.)

Janusz K. Zawodny, Nothing but Honour. The Story of the Warsaw Uprising, 1944, (Stanford, CA, 1978).

(J. Zawodny,(b. Warsaw, 1921, , is, like Ciechanowski, a veteran of the Uprising, but does not share the latter's negative evaluation. He views the uprising as doomed but unavoidable in the circumstances of the time. The book contains Zawodny's interviews with General Bor-Komorowski and George F. Kennan, former U. S. diplomat and expert on the USSR, which are valuable contributions to the subject. Zawodny also published a Polish lang. collection of interviews on the rising with survivors, and the first scholarly study of the Soviet massacre of Polish prisoners of war in 1940, known as Katyn..)

(viii) Poles in WW II resistance movements outside Poland

Witold Bieganski et al, Polish Resistance Movement in Poland and Abroad, 1939-1945 (Warsaw, 1987).

(W. Bieganski is a Polish military historian; the book was published under certain political restrictions).

(ix) Poles in allied armed forces, WWII

Wladyslaw Anders, AN ARMY IN EXILE; The Story of the Second Polish Corps,( London, 1949, reprint, Knoxville, TN, 1981).

(W. Anders, 1890-1970, was born in Russian Poland. He began his military career as a Tsarist army officer, continued in thePolish army, was taken prisoner by the Soviets and imprisoned in Lviv, the Moscow, 1939-41. He was the commander of Polish army in Russia, then Middle East, which became the Polish 2nd Corps in the British 8th Army, Italy. This is an abbreviated translation of the Polish original. On Anders; see also Harvey Sarner below.)

George F. Cholewczynski, POLES APART. The Polish Airborne at the Battle of Arnhem, (New York, London, 1993).

(An account of the brave but disastrous battle fought with the Germans by the Polish Airborne Brigade, dropped prematurely near Arnhem, Holland, on orders of General Bernard Montgomery. See also Piekalkiewicz and Sosabowski, below.)

Jerzy B. Cynk, HISTORY OF THE POLISH AIR FORCE 1918-1968, (Reading, 1972), ch. 5, pp. 156-208..

(On J.Cynk see interwar Poland.).

Akrady Fiedler, Squadron 303, (London, 1942).

(On the most famous Polish unit in the R. A. F. -- whose no. 1 pilot was a Czech. Fiedler, b. 1894, was a Polish journalist, well known before the war for his travelogues.)

Krzysztof Filipow and Zbigniew Wawer, Passerby, Tell Poland, (Warsaw, 1991).

(A book on the Polish armed forces in the West with excellent illustrations.)

Madej, Victor, The Polish 2nd Corps and the Italian Campaign, (Allentown, PA., 1984).

(By a Polish-American military historian.)

Janusz Piekalkiewicz, Arnhem, (New York, 1976).

(On the Polish parachute brigade's battle with the Germans, 1944. J. Piekalkiewicz is a Polish military historian living in the West (see also Cholewczynski book, above, and Sosabowski below.).

Same, Cassino. Anatomy of a Battle, (London, 1980).

(On the Polish 2nd Corps battles and victory at Monte Cassino, May 1944, which opened the land route to Rome for allied armies.)

General K. S. Rudnicki, THE LAST OF THE WAR HORSES. (London, 1974), ch. 29 ff.

(Rudnicki, 1897-1995,, recounts his service in the Polish campaign of 1939, in the Polish Army, USSR, then Italy.)

Harvey Sarner, General Anders and the Soldiers of the Second Polish Corps, (Brunswick Press, Cathedral City, CA, 1997).

(H. Sarner, a third generation American with Polish-Jewish roots, is known for his work to improve Polish-Jewish relations. This is a lively, informative and valuable study of the subject; some factual errors here and there do not detract from its value.)

Stanislaw Sosabowski, Freely I Served, (Nashville, TN., 1982).

(General Sosabowski, 1892-1967, was the commander of the Polish Parachute Brigade which fought in the West, notably at Arnhem, 1944; see Cholewczynski, Piekalkiewicz, above.)

David R.Stefancic, ed., Armies in Exile: The Polish Struggle for Nation and Nationalism, East European Monographs Series, (New York, distr. Columbia University Press, 2005).

(The last three essays deal with WW II; see review by Anita Shelton, H-Nationalism, Aug. 2006.Stefancic has also published a book on on the struggle for worker self-management and free trade unions in Poland.)

Keith Sword, ed., General Sikorski: Soldier and Statesman, (London, 1990).

(General Wladyslaw Sikorski, 1881-1944, was the Premier of the Polish Government- in-Exile, France, then U.K, and Commander-in-Chief of Polish Armed Forces. He died on July 4, 1943, in a plane crash off Gibraltar, the cause of which has not been determined so far. The late K. Sword was a British historian of modern Poland.)

Adam Zamoyski, THE FORGOTTEN FEW. The Polish Air Force in the Second World War, (London, 1995).

(A good, popular account; Zamoyski ,b. New York 1949,lives in London. He, has written several works on Polish history.)

(x) The Jewish Holocaust in German-Occupied Poland in WW II.

A. General.

Jacob Apenszlak, ed., THE BLACK BOOK OF POLISH JEWRY: An Account of the Martyrdom of Polish Jewry under Nazi Occupation, (New York, 1943).

(This is an early account with illustrations.)

THE WARSAW GHETTO: A Christian's Testimony, (New York, 1988)

(A moving account of Jewish Christians and Polish clergy in the Warsaw Ghetto.)

Lucjan Dobroszycki, THE CHRONICLE OF THE LODZ GHETTO, 1941-1944, (New Haven, 1984).

(Polish-born L. Dobroszycki worked in the Yivo Institute, New York. This is the most detailed study of the subject so far).

same, SURVIVORS OF THE HOLOCAUST. A Portrait based on Jewish Community Records, (Armonk, N. Y., and London, UK, 1994).

(Meticulous study with registration tables and dates.)

Philip Friedman. MARTYRS AND FIGHTERS: The Epic of the Warsaw Ghetto, (New York, 1954).

Bernard Goldstein, THE STARS BEAR WITNESS, (New York, 1949).

(On the Jews of Warsaw under the German occupation , through spring 1943.)

Yisrael Gutman, THE JEWS OF WARSAW, 1939-1943: Ghetto, Underground, Revolt, (trans. Ina Friedman, Bloomington, IN, 1982).

(By a veteran of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, who became a famous Jewish historian; based on German, Jewish, and Polish sources. Critical of the Poles.)

Richard C. Lukas, DID THE CHILDREN CRY? Hitler's War against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939-1945,( New York, 1994).

(By a Polish-American historian; this is a collection of personal accounts by Polish Christians and Jews.)

Gunnar S. Paulsson, Secret City. The Hidden Jews of Warsaw 1940-1945, (New Haven and London, 2002).

(The author, son of a Polish Holocaust survivor, traces the unusual story of thousands of Warsaw Jews hidden outside the ghetto with the aid of a large network of ethnic Poles and assimilated Polish Jews.)

Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust, (Jefferson, NC, 1998), ch. 3, Jewish Collaboration.

(On Jews who collaborated with Nazi and Soviet authorities, also on Polish help to Jews.)

Leonard Tushnet, THE PAVEMENT OF HELL, (New York, 1972).

(Historical-biographical sketches of the heads of Jewish Councils of Warsaw, Lodz, and Wilno.)

B.The Memory of the Holocaust in Poland.

Editorial Introduction.

For many years, the Poles focused on the suffering of their own nation, which lost almost 3 out of some 27 million (est. 1939) ethnic Poles in World War II, and viewed the Jewish Holocaust in Poland --almost all of prewar Poland's 3,500,000 Jews were killed by the Germans -- as something apart from the Polish trauma. (On the Holocaust in Poland, see Lecture Notes 16, Poland in WW II). Furthermore, some Poles viewed Jews as synonymous with communists because of their visibility in the prewar Polish Communist Party (illegal in Poland and dissolved by Stalin in 1938, after he ordered the murder of most of those who had obtained asylum in the USSR). In fact, the vast majority of Polish Jews were conservative and very religious. The prewar view revived when a few Jewish Poles became highly visible in the higher ranks of the Polish Workers' Party (PPR), later the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) and the security police. The abhorrent, prewar stereotype of "the Jewish Commune," as well as the medieval legend of Jewish use of children's blood to make matza (!), were used to rally anti-semitic mobs in several pogroms in early postwar Poland, notably the Kielce pogrom of July 4, 1946.

Communist policy was to put communism in national Polish dress and repress the memory of the Jewish Holocaust. The communist leadership also used anti-semitism to fire Polish Jews from political, military, academic and other positions in 1968, which led to the loss of thousands of well educated Polis citizens who emigrated to Israel and the United States.

After the fall of Communism in 1989, Polish historians devoted some attention to the Holocaust in Poland, but it was Jan Tomasz. Gross's book Neighbors; the destruction of the Jewish community of Jedwabne, Poland (Prianceton, 2001), that stirred up a lively debate in Poland, (see Antony Polonsky and Joanna B.Michlic, eds. The Neighbors Respond: the controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland, Princeton, 2004); an extensive debate alsotook place over his follow-up book: Fear: anti-semitism in Poland after Auschwitz (New York, 2006; see Tadeusz Stachurski, Difficult postwar years; Polish voices in debate over Jan T. Gross's book Fear, Warsaw, 2006) . Mainly as a result of these debates the Holocaust is now part of the Polish school curriculum, although anti-semitism still flourishes in some extreme nationalist-catholic circles and media.

Most ethnic Poles were too terrified to risk their lives helping Jews -- for which the German occupiers imposed a death penalty --but there were some who did so. In mid-November, 2008, President Lech Kaczynski decorated several dozen Poles whose parents had risked their lives to hide Jews (Washington Post, Nov. 17, 2008). Sept. 2008 saw the opening of a Broadway play "Irena's Vow," about Irena Gut-Opdyke who hid 12 Jews in the German officer's house where she worked as a housekeeper. On April 19, 2009, CBS TV showed a film: "The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler" (a Hallmark film directed by John Kent Harrison, based on the biography by , Anna Mieszkowska, The Mother of the Holocaust Children). Irena Sendler [1910-2008], A Polish Catholic Social Workder in Warsaw, saved 2,500 Jewish children by smuggling them out of the Warsaw Ghetto, after which a network of helpers placed them in Polish families and convents. A group of High School students in Union City, KS, inspired by their teacher, Norm Conard (KU 1992), researched her life. They wrote a play "Life in a Jar" (lst performed 2001), because she kept the children's names on slips of paper in a jar, buried under a tree in her courtyard. Financed by businessman John Shuchart,.they travelled to visit her in Warsaw. She then received a very high decoration from the Polish government. About one third of the names of gentiles who helped Jews, recorded in the Yad Vashem Memorial and Museum in Jerusalem, are Polis, but many such helpers are still unknown.

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Michael C. Steinlauf, BONDAGE OF THE DEAD. Poland and the Memory of the Holocaust, Syracuse (NY., 1997).

(Chapter 1 is a survey of Poland before the Holocaust; ch. 2. deals with Poles and Jews during the Holocaust. Ch. 3: Memory's Wounds; ch. 4. Memory Repressed: 1944-1968; ch. 5. Memory Expelled: 1968-1970; ch. 7. Memory Regained?: 1989-1995.

Steinlauf is Senior Research Fellow at the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York. As a Fulbright Fellow he was one of the first students allowed to study Jewish History in Poland, 1983-84. This is an excellent presentation of the topic.)

Joshua D. Zimmerman, Contested Memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and Its Aftermath, (New Brunswick, 2003).

(See Shimon Redlich review in Slavic Review, vol. 63, no. 1, 2004, pp. 158-160.)

C. Jewish Resistance in German-occupied Poland.

Alfred Katz, POLAND'S GHETTOS AT WAR, (New York, 1970).

(Resistance in the five major ghettos established by the Germans: Warsaw, Bialystok, Krakow, Wilno, and Lodz.)

Shmuel Krakowski, THE WAR OF THE DOOMED; Jewish Armed Resistance in Poland, 1942-1944, trans. Orah Balustein, (New York, 1984).

(By a Jewish historian; based on German, Polish, Russian and Yiddish primary sources, also interviews with about 500 fighters; negative image of Poles.)

Richard L. Rashke, ESCAPE FROM SOBIBOR, (Boston, 1982).

(Based on eyewitness accounts of 18 survivors, later made into a film.)

Jean-Francois Steiner, TREBLINKA, trans. Helen Weaver, (New York, 1994).

(By a French historian; the story of the revolt and breakout from the camp.)

Nechama Tec, DEFIANCE. The Bielski Partisans, (New York, Oxford, 1993, with later reprint).

(Story of a Jewish partisan group in Belorussia led by Tuve Bielski, written on the basis of interviews with him by a survivor of the Holocaust, now a Sociologist in U. S. [For Nehama Tec, see: Polish-Jewish relations below] A film based on this book was screened in spring 2009. It should be noted that the Bielski partisans aimed to save Jewish lives; they did not fight the Germans but the police and other local units that worked for them. They at first cooperated with Polish underground forces, but later with Soviet partisans against the Poles..The Bielski brothers escaped with their families ahead of the Red Army and managed to settle in the US. For a review of the film and the Bielski saga by a historian with extensive knowledge of the subject, see Timothy Snyder in the New York Review of Books, April 30, 2009.)

Isaac Zuckerman, ed., THE FIGHTING GHETTOS, trans and ed. Meyer Barkait, (Philadelphia, Pa., 1962).

(Collection of memoirs and documents by survivors, mainly from Poland.)

D. Jewish Memoirs and Diaries: Jewish life in German-occupied Poland.

Editorial Note

With a few exceptions, memoirs and studies of Jews in German -occupied Europe did not appear until the 1970s. In many cases, survivors felt guilt for surviving when millions died, while many Sabras (Jews born in Palestine, later Israel) condemned Jewish non-resistance to the Germans. It was only in the late 1960s and early 1970s that these attitudes began to fade leading to the publications of memoirs and studies.

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Jack Kugelman and Jonathan Boyarin, trans. and eds., FROM A RUINED GARDEN: The Memorial Books of Polish Jewry, (New York, 1983).

(Condensed versions of over 100 memoirs written over 30 years).

Joanna Bauman, WINTER IN THE MORNING; A Young Girl's Life in the Warsaw Ghetto and Beyond, 1939-1945, (London, 1986).

Mary Berg, WARSAW GHETTO, A Diary, (New York, 1945).

Halina Birenbaum, HOPE IS THE LAST TO DIE: A Personal Documentation of Nazi Terror, (New York, 1971).

Adina Blady Schweiger, I REMEMBER NOTHING MORE. The Warsaw Children's Hospital and Jewish Resistance, trans. Tasja Darowska and Danusia Stok, (New York, 1990).

(On protecting sick Jewish children and fighting the Germans, with illustrations.)

Tuwie Borzkowski, BETWEEN TUMBLING WALLS, (Israel, 1972).

(On the author's experiences in the Jewish Fighting Organization, Warsaw Ghetto.)

Janina David, A SQUARE OF SKY: Recollections of my Childhood, (New York, 1964)

(Life in the Warsaw Ghetto.)..

Same, A TOUCH OF EARTH. A Wartime Childhood, (New York, 1969).

Alexander Donat, THE HOLOCAUST KINGDOM: A Memoir, (New York, 1965).

(Llife in the Warsaw Ghetto.)

Jack Eisner, THE SURVIVORS, ed. I. A. Leitner, (New York, 1980).

(The author, who founded the Warsaw Ghetto Resistance Organization, describes juvenile food smugglers.)

Adolf Folkmann, THE PROMISE HITLER KEPT, as told to Stefan Szende, (New York, 1945).

(An early, detailed account of the Holocaust; includes eastern Poland under Soviet occupation, 1939-41.)

Sheva Glas-Wiener, CHILDREN OF THE GHETTO, (Fitzroy, Victoria, 1983).

(Account of a ghetto in a Polish village outside Lodz, by the caretaker.)

Raul Hilberg et al, eds., trans. Stanislaw Staron et al., THE WARSAW DIARY OF ADAM CZERNIAKOW: Prelude to Doom, (New York, 1978).

(Adam Czerniakow, 1880-1942, was a Jewish politician in interwar Poland. He was appointed by the Germans head of the "Judenrat" [Jewish Council] which administered the Warsaw Ghetto. He refused to believe that the Germans intended to exterminate the Jews and committed suicide when they began to deport Jews to death camps in summer 1942. R. Hilberg is an authority on the Holocaust who has published several books on the subject.)

Chaim A. Kaplan, SCROLL OF AGONY: The Warsaw Diary of Chaim A. Kaplan, (Abraham I. Katsch, ed., New York, 1965).

(On the Nazi conquest of Poland, Polish-Jewish relations, life in the Warsaw Ghetto.)

Hanna Krall, SHIELDING THE FLAME. An Intimate Conversation with Dr. Marek Edelman, The Last Surviving Leader of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, New York, 1986 (see also videotape:THE LONELY STRUGGLE. Marek Edelman. Last Hero of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, [1995] The Willy Lindwer Collection, cat. #657, 60 min. color; ERGO MEDIA Inc., P. O. Box 2037, Teaneck, N. J., 07666)

(Hanna Kral is a Polish journalist; Marek Edelman, the last living leader of the Ghetto Uprising, is a cardiologist.)

Halina Nelken with Alicja Nitecki, And Yet I am Here! (Amherst, Mass., 1999).

(This is a memoir of the Krakow ghetto. H. Nelken (b. Poland, 1925) is an art historian. She survived the Plaszow, Auschwitz and Ravensbruck concentration camps; in 1999, she was living in Cambridge, Mass).

Celel Perechodnik, Am I A Murderer? trans. by Frank Fox, (Greenwod Press, 1998).

(The author was a small town Ghetto policeman. He tells the heart-breaking story of how the Germans emptied his ghetto, how he loaded his wife and daughter onto a death train, then hid in Warsaw and lived with this unbearable memory. NOTE:. The Fox translation differs considerably from the Polish original.)

Oscar Pinkus, WOODEN SYNAGOGUES, (Cleveland, 1964).

(A Jewish family's tale of survival.)

Emanuel Ringelblum, NOTES FROM THE WARSAW GHETTO: The Journal of Emanuel Ringelblum, ed. and trans. Jacob Sloan, (New York, 1958);

(Emanuel Ringelblum, 1900-1944, was a Jewish historian, activist, teacher, organizer of Jewish resistance and of the Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto. After the Ghetto Uprising, he hid in a Polish house, was denounced, and executed along with his family and his Polish hosts. He tried to give a balanced view of the Poles, but believed they could have given more help to Jews.)

Leyb Rochman, THE PIT AND THE TRAP: A Chronicle of Survival, (New York, 1982).

(Llife in the Minsk-Mazowiecki ghetto, 1943-44.)

Avraham Tory, SURVIVING THE HOLOCAUST. The Kovno Ghetto Diary, edited with introd, by Martin Gilbert, trans. Jerzy Michalowicz, Notes Dina Porat, (Cambridge MA, and London, UK, 1990).

(The author, a Zionist, escaped from the Kovno -now Kaunas -Ghetto, Lithuania, in 1943. Sir Martin Gilbert is a prominent British historian, biographer of Winston S. Churchill, author of many books on 20th century European history, and editor of the Holocaust Encylopedia..

Bruno Shatyn, A PRIVATE WAR. Surviving in Poland on False Papers, 1941- 1945, trans. Oscar E. Swan, foreword by Norman Davies, (Detroit, 1985).

(The derring dos of a Polish Jew masquerading as a Christian with the help of Polish friends.)

Ana Vinocur, A BOOK WITHOUT A TITLE, (New York, 1976).

(Memories of the Lodz ghetto and Auschwitz.)

David Wdowinski, AND WE ARE NOT SAVED, (New York, 1963).

(An account of life in the Warsaw Ghetto and of the Ghetto Uprising by a survivor.)

Leon W. Wells, THE JANOWSKA ROAD, (New York, 1963).

(By a survivor of the German concentration camp at Janowska.)

Liliana Zuker-Brajnowska, LILIANA'S JOURNAL; Warsaw, 1939-1945, (New York, 1980).

(Six years in the life of a Jewish gir in wartime Poland.)

Michael Zylberberg, A WARSAW DIARY. 1939-1945, (London, 1969).

(By a survivor of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising oof 1943 and the Home Army Warsaw Uprising of 1944.)

E. Polish-Jewish Relations in German-occupied Poland and the Policy of the Polish Government-in-Exile on the German Genocide of the Polish Jews.

Wladyslaw Bartoszewski, "Polish-Jewish Relations in occupied Poland, 1939-1945, " ch. 11 in: Chimen Abramsky et al eds., THE JEWS IN POLAND, (Oxford, 1986), pp. 147-160.

(Wladyslaw. Bartoszewski, b. Warsaw, 1922, was a founding member and active participant in "Zegota," the Polish underground organization established in fall 1942 and funded by the Polish government, London, to help save Polish Jews . He survived Auschwitz and the Warsaw Uprising of 1944; was imprisoned by the communist govt., 1946-48, 1949-54, then "rehabilitated;" taught at the Catholic University Lublin and in Germany, also in the underground Association of Academic Courses 1970s. He was an active member of Solidarity, interned 1981-82; Polish ambassador to Austria, 1990, Polish Foreign Minister, 2000. He has authored many works on Polish-Jewish relations and allied subjects.).

David Engel, IN THE SHADOW OF AUSCHWITZ. The Polish Government-in- Exile and the Jews and the Jews, 1939-1942, (Chapel Hill and London, 1987).

(D. Engel was then teaching Jewish history at the University of Tel Aviv.)

same: FACING A HOLOCAUST. The Polish Government-in-Exile and the Jews, 1943-1945, (Chapel Hill and London, 1993).

(The author charges the Polish government with lack of concern for and aid to the Jews; see reviews of each book by Anna M. Cienciala:AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW, April 1989, pp. 485-87, and INTERNATIONAL HISTORY REVIEW, Feb. 1995, p. 99).

Ysrael Gutman, "Polish and Jewish Historiography on the Question of Polish-Jewish Relations during World War II," in Jews in Poland., ch. 15, pp. 177-189.

(Historian Y. Gutman is a veteran of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising).

Teresa Prekerowa, "The Relief Council for Jews in Poland, 1942-1945," ibid., ch. 12, pp. 161-176.

(T. Prekerowa, who hid Jews during the war, was then a Polish historian of the Jewish Holocaust in Poland. See also:

Videotape: ZEGOTA. A Time to Remember. Discussion and Guide, video 51. 46 min; includes different views on Polish help to Jews by T. Prekerowa and Y. Gutman, also appearances by Marek Edelman. Produced by: Documentaries International, Ltd., [c. 1995?] Film and Video Fdn, 1880 K Street N. W. suite 1120, Washington, D. C., 20006; tel: 202 429-9320; fax: 202 659-2667).

Richard D. Lukas, THE FORGOTTEN HOLOCAUST. The Poles under the German Occupation, (Lexington, Ky., 1986, revised edition 1998). ch. five.

(This book led to a bitter polemic in the SLAVIC REVIEW with the Israeli historian, David Engel in 1987.On R. D. Lukas see section A above).

Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust. Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947, Jefferson, NC, and London, 1998; see ch. 3, Jewish Collaboration, pp. 35-76 (pp. 35-48 deals with inter war period; Soviet occupation, pp. 48-57, postwar years, pp. 58-66; German occupation, pp. 66-76).

(T. Piotrowski is a Professor of Sociology, University of New Hampshire, Manchester, NH. This is a pioneering book based on primary and secondary materials. See also his book: Vengence of the Swallows, Jefferson, NC, 1995, on his family's saga under German, Soviet and Ukrainian terror and their emigration to the U. S).

Shimon Redlich, Together and Apart in Brzezany; Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919-1945 (Bloomington, IN, 2002).

(The Redlich family were saved by Polish and Ukrainian neighbors; Shimon became an Israaeli ambassador to Poland; see review by Karen Gabert in East European Quarterly, vol. 37, no.2, summer 2004, pp. 205-214.)

Emanuel Ringelblum, POLISH-JEWISH RELATIONS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR, trans. Dafna Allon et al.,( Jerusalem, 1974).

(On Ringelblum see Jewish Memoirs and Diaries, above).

Jaroslaw M. Rymkiewicz, THE FINAL STATION; UMSCHLAGPLATZ, trans. Nina Taylor, (New York, 1994).

(A Polish Christian reconstructs the Jewish Holocaust in Poland, and examines Polish attitudes to it.

Michael C. Steinlauf, Bondage of the Dead. Poland and the Memory of the Holocaust, (Syracuse, N. Y., 1997).

(Steinlauf was then a Senior Research Fellow at the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research in New York. He shows different Polish attitudes toward the Jewish Holocaust in Poland, from suppression in favor of the history of national suffering under the German occupation, the dominant trend before 1989, to efforts at integration into Polish national memory after the collapse of communism.)

Thomas E. Wood, Karski: How One Man Tried to Stop the Holocaust, (New York, 1994).

(T. E. Wood, b. 1963, gives a good account of a remarkable man,Jan Karski, 1914- 2000, who brought his eye-witness description of a death camp for Jews in German- occupied Poland to London, Nov. 1942. This led to the Polish Government's appeal to other allied governments to act to stop the genocide, but the appeal fell on deaf ears. Karski also went to the US and saw President Roosevelt whom he tried but failed to interest in Polish underground resistance against the Germans.. His book on the Polish underground, The Story of a Secret State, came out in the U.S. at that time (Boston, 1944). He also wrote The Great Powers and Poland, 1919-1945 (Lanham, MD., 1985), which is good on the WWII period but flawed by a strong bias against the Polish governments of 1926-39 in the first part of the book. He taught for many years at Georgetown University.)

(x) The Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland, 1939-41.

Jan Tomasz Gross, Revolution from Abroad. The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia, (Princeton, N. J., 1988, 2nd revised ed. 2002).

(A sociological-historical study of Soviet policy and actions in former eastern Poland, 1939-41. Jan Tomasz Gross, b. in Poland c. 1940 and educated there, emigrated to the U.S. after the anti-semitic government campaign in Poland, 1967-68. At the time of publication, he was teaching at New York University.)

Irena Grudzinska-Gross and Jan T Gross, eds., WAR THROUGH CHILDRENS' EYES. The Soviet Occupation of Poland and the Deportations, 1939-41, (Stanford, CA, 1981).

(rena. Grudzinska-Gross -- then wife of Jan T. Gross --taught comparative literature at New York University. These are translated excerpts of children's descriptions of their experiences written after their exodus with the Polish Army from the USSR to Iran in 1942. They are preserved in the Wladyslaw Anders collection in the archives of the Hoover Institute, Stanford, CA.)

K. S. Rudnicki, THE LAST OF THE WAR HORSES, (London, 1972).

(General K. S. Rudnicki fought in the 1939 Polish-German war; ch. 10-13, deal with author's work in Polish resistance under Soviet occupation; later he escaped to fight in the West and served in the Polish Army in W.Europe.)

Keith Sword, ed., The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939-41, (New York, 1991).

(The late K. Sword was a British historian of Poland. The book has chapters on Poles, Ukrainians, Belorussians, also on the Baltic States.)

Same, ed., DEPORTATION AND EXILE. Poles in the Soviet Union, 1939-48, (Basingstoke, UK, 1994).

(ch. 1, deals with Soviet deportations of Poles to USSR; both books were written before Russian documents became accessible.)

(xi) Poles, Jews, Lithuanians, Belorussians and Ukrainians in the USSR, 1939-45/48.

Jozef Czapski, THE INHUMAN LAND, (New York, 1952).

(A classic description of conditions in Soviet prison camps by an ex-prisoner-of war in the USSR, the Polish poet, and painter, Jozef Czapski, 1896-1993.)

THE DARK SIDE OF THE MOON, preface by T. S. Elliot, (London, 1946; New York, 1947).

(One of the first books on the Soviet prison and labor camps; based on data from prisons, camps, personal accounts.)

Norman Davies and Antony Polonsky, eds., JEWS IN EASTERN POLAND AND THE USSR, 1939-46, (New York, 1991).

(Includes studies of Jews in the Polish Communist-led army formed in the USSR in 1943.)

Gustaw Herling-Grudzinski, A WORLD APART, (London, 1951, 1986, reprinted by Penguin Books, London, New York, 1996).

(G. Herling-Grudzinski, b. Poland, 1913, d. Naples, Italy, 2000, was a prominent Polish writer who lived for decades in Naples, Italy. He was, for many years, closely involved with the Polish cultural monthly published in Rome, then Paris, Kultura.

This powerfully written memoir tells of the author's imprisonment in a Soviet labor camp, describing the terrible conditions and people he observed there. The author of the blurb on the back cover of the the 1996 Penguin edition could not have read the book carefully. He cites Herling's description of how a man poured boiling water over himself -- to avoid going to the" gas chamber." There were no gas chambers in Soviet labor camps; overwork, malnutrition, disease and starvation were the main killers there. Men would do great harm to themselves to get into the camp hospital, where they could enjoy a short respite from murderous labor and malnutrition.)

Ruth Turkow Kaminska, I DON'T WANT TO BE BRAVE ANY MORE, (Washington, D. C., 1978).

(The story of a Polish-Jewish couple who were imprisoned in Soviet labor camps; the author's mother was Ida Kaminska, 1899-1981,the most famous actress of the Yiddish Theater in Poland; she later starred in western films.)

Dov Levin, THE LESSER OF TWO EVILS. Eastern European Jewry under Soviet Rule, 1939-1941, trans. Naftali Greenwood, Preface by Mordechai Altshuler, (Philadelphia, Jerusalem, 1996).

(The author cites personal memoirs and letters to show why Jews welcomed Soviet rule and why some cooperated with Soviet authorities in tracking down and arresting Poles, actions deeply resented by the Polish population. He notes that Soviet authorities also arrested and deported Zionists, including Menahem Begin, 1913-1992, who survived to leave the USSR with the Anders army in summer 1942, stayed in Palestine to fight the British and became the Prime Minister of Israel, 1977-83. Compare this book with Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust, below.

Paul Robert Magocsi, Ukraine. A History, (Seattle WA, 1996), ch. 46, 47, deal with west Ukraine in WW II., cf. with Piotrowski below.

Tadeusz M. Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust, (Jefferson, NC and London, 1998).

(Piotrowski, b. in former eastern Poland, 1940 --a professor of Sociology at the University of New Hampshire --applies the word Holocaust to Poles, Jews, Belorussians, Lithuanians and Ukrainians living in former Poland (for those chapters see section xi on Poles and non-Polish nationalities in WW II, below). In ch. 1, 2, he gives a brief but telling description of Soviet and Nazi policy in Polish lands, and of the Poles who collaborated with Nazi, but mostly with Soviet occupants.

The book is especially useful for little known or unknown cases of Jewish collaboration with German and Soviet authorities, for Polish and Belorussian conflicts and sometimes cooperation with the Germans against the Soviets, for Lithuanian crimes against Poles and Jews, and for the Ukrainian UPA "ethnic cleansing" (massacres) of Poles in Volhynia. There are some useful documents in the annexes.)Ssee also, same, ed., Genocide and rescue in Wolyn: recollections of the Ukrainian nationalist ethnic cleansing campaign against the Poles in World War II, Jefferson, NC, 2000.

Same: Vengeance of the Swallows: memoir of a Polish family's ordeal under Soviet aggression, Ukrainian ethnic cleansing and Nazi enslavement, and their emigration to America, (Jefferson, NC, 1995).

Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations, (New Haven, London,2003); ch. 4. The Second World War and the Vilnius Question (1939-1945), pp. 90-104; ch. 8. The Ethnic Cleansing of Southeastern Poland, pp. 179-201.

The aiuthor teaches East European History at Yale University. In ch. 4, he gives brief, judicious and balanced accounts of Lithuania under Soviet, German and again Soviet rule. In ch. 8, he does the same with Ukrainian terror against the Poles and Polish reactions, 1943-45. The book received the AHA George Louis Beer award in 2003 and the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences Halecki prize in 2004.).

Keith Sword, DEPORTATION AND EXILE, (ch. 2-7) see section x above.

Aleksander Wat, My Century: The Odyssey of a Polish Intellectual, ed and trans. Richard Lourie, foreword by Czeslaw Milosz, (Berkeley, CA, 1988).

(Aleksander Wat, 1900-1967, a prominent Polish poet and writer, was a communist sympathizer before the wa, but when; imprisoned in the USSR, he abandoned communism. This is a translation of his remarkable memoirs as told to and recorded by Polish poet Czeslaw Milosz; they include his stay in Soviet prisons during World War II.)

XIa. The massacre of the Jews of Jedwabne, 10 July 1941.

Jan Tomasz Gross, Neighbors, (Princeton 2001, Penguin 2002).

(Basing his work on two near contemporary accounts by Jewish survivors, the author claims that about half of the male Polish population of of the samll market town of Jedwabne in the Lomza region of northeastern Poland, murdered 1,6000 Jews, mostly by burning them in a barn. The book set off a wide ranging debate after its publication in Poland in spring 2000, with some critics denying the deed could have been done by Poles, while others accepted Gross's acccount. Later research shows that some 600 Jews lived in Jedwaabne at this time and some 44 Poles were involved in theGerman-planned massacres of Jews in Jedwabne. There were similar massacres of Jews in neighboring towns.)

Translations of selected items from the debate in Poland, with a short selection of the debate outside it, are to be found in: Antony Polonsky and Joanna B. Michlic, eds., The Neighbors Respond. The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland, Princeton, (Princeton, 2004). This is an excellent, judicious selection by two specialists, with good introductions to each section. Polonsky is the Albert Abrahamson Professor of Holocaust Studies at Brandeis University and the U.S. Holocaust Museum, Washington, D.C. Michlic was working at Brandeis at this time.

For an evaluation of the two volume Polish language collection of documents and essays on Jedwabne published by the Polish Institute of National Memory, Warsaw, Nov. 2002, see: Anna M. Cienciala, "The Jedwabne Massacre. Update and Memory," Polish Review, vol. 48, no. 1, 2003, pp. 49-72;corrections at end of P.R. no. 4, 2003 .This article, along with an earlier one on the period 1939-41, can be accessed at the end of Lecture Notes no. 16, Eastern Europe in World War II.]

(xii) KATYN. MASSACRES OF POLISH OFFICERS AND CIVILIANS, PRISONERS OF WAR IN THE USSR, spring 1940.

Editorial note:

The name KATYN now stands not only for the best known execution site, but for two other execution sites where the NKVD, in spring 1940, murdered some 14, 552 Polish prisoners of war from three special camps in the USSR; they were murdered at Katyn, Kalinin/Tver and Kharkov. It also includes 7, 305 prisoners executed in NKVD prisons in western Belorussia and in Ukraine at this time. The burial places of the latter have not yet been established. For these figures, generally accepted as correct, see: " Note of KGB chief, A. Shelepin to N. Khruschev, March 9, 1959, " in: Anna M. Cienciala et al., below. The great Polish film director, Andrzej Wajda, whose father was murdered in Kharkov, made a very moving film, "Katyn," first shown in 2007.

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Vladimir Abarinov, THE MURDERERS OF KATYN, Foreword and Chronology by Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, (New York, 1993).

(V. Abarinov is a Russian journalist who wrote for the Literaturnaia Gazeta. This is a translation of his Katynskii Labirint, a somewhat disorganized account based on Soviet archival documents and interviews; on I. C. Pogonowski, see Part I, Historical Atlases.)

P. M. H. Bell, JOHN BULL AND THE BEAR. British Public Opinion, foreign policy and the Soviet Union, 1941-1945, Edward Arnold, (London, 1996).

(Ch. 4. Case Study 1: The Katyn Graves Revealed, 1943, " pp. 109-127, gives an excellent overview of British reactions to Katyn. P. M. H. Bell, is Professor Emeritus of Liverpool University and the author of several books on 20th century Europe; he lives in London.)

Anna M. Cienciala, Natalia S. Lebedeva, Wojciech Materski, eds., Katyn: A Crime Without Punishment (Annals of Communism; (Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, Conn., 2007, appeared end Jan. 2008).

(This is a selection of122 mostly Russian documents on the Katyn massacre, translated into English. Pt.I, covers Polish-Russian/Soviet Relations through March 5 1940, when the Politburo of the Soviet Communist Party signed Lavrenty P. Beria's "resolution" to shoot the Polish prisoners of war, as well as those held in prisons, as unregenerate enemies of the Soviet system.. Pt. II, covers the executions of prisoners from the three special NKVD camps in spring 1940; pt. III, covers the period from spring 1940 through 2006, and examines the question why all Soviet government blamed the Germans for the crime until Soviet President Mikhail S. Gorbachev allowed a public admission of Soviet guilt on 13 April 1990. Russian President BorisYeltsin allowed the publication of the Politburo decision on 14 Oct. 1992. Nevertheless, no Russian government has so far made an official apology to the Polish nation or admitted that the mass murder was anything else but an ordinary crime under the Soviet Criminal Code as it stood in 1940.

With a few exceptions, the documents were selected from the Polish and Russian lanaguage volumes (listed in the note to Lebedeva's article below), and translated by Marian Schwartz. The Introductions to each Part were written by Cienciala, who also added new material to the existing notes, Polish biographies, and information on Polish organisations.. She received a prize from the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America for distinguished achievement in her editorial work for this volume in Nov. 2007;.see favorable review by Dariusz Tolczyk, The Russian Review,

Natalia S. Lebedeva, "The Katyn Tragedy," International Affairs, (Moscow, 1990, no. 6), pp. 98-113.

(First Eng. lang. publication based on Russian archival documents, written by a Russian historian. Natalia S. Lebedeva, b. Moscow, 1936. [Russian original published at same time in Mezhdunarodnoe Otnosheniia, 1990, no. 6]. Based on Russian documents, this article gives an excellent account of the prisoners and their fate but was published before the declassification in October 1992 of the Politburo decision of March 5, 1940, to shoot all the prisoners.

Lebedeva, a member of the Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences, went on to publish the pre-eminent work on Katyn: Katyn. Prestuplenie protiv chelovechestva [Katyn. A Crime against Humanity] ( Moscow, 1994). The Polish edition: Katyn. Zbrodnia przeciw ludzkosci, (Warsaw, 1998), is the translation of a 1991 mss. so must be read with the Supplement-- published by the same publisher, Bellona --, which summarizes the Politburo documents released in 1992 .

She went on to co-edit with Prof. Wojciech Mateerski and other Polish historians a Russian volume of documents (Moscow, 1997) and 3 Polish volumes, Warsaw, 1995, 1998, 200. The fourth and last Polish volume was ready in 2006 but appeared in April 2007. The second Russian volume on the Survivors, the Coverup and its Unraveling was published in Moscow at the end of 2001; it was severely reduced from the original for political reasons.)

Joseph Mackiewicz, THE KATYN WOOD MURDERS. (London, 1951).

(Jozef Mackiewicz, 1902-1985, was a well known Polish journalist and writer from Wilno/Vilnius who viewed the Katyn murder site in spring 1943. A declared anti-Communist, he was suspected of collaborating with the German occupiers of Wilno in WW II, butworked for the Polish underground resistance and visited Katyn with the approval of the local Home Army command. After the war, he was named a traitor by the Polish communist govenment. He chose emigration and settled in Munich,West Germany.)

Allen Paul, KATYN. Stalin's Massacre and the Seeds of Polish Resurrection, (Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1996; earlier edition, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1991; Polish edition, 2007).

(This is a very good, wll written account of the history of Polish-Soviet relations and the Katyn crime, intertwined with the personal memories of three Polihs families, relatives of three Polish officer victims, living in the U. S. Allen Paul is an American free lance researcher-writer; he received a high decoration for the book from the Polish government in 2009.)

David Remnick, LENIN'S TOMB. The Last Days of the Soviet Empire, (New York, 1993), ch. 1, The Forest Coup.

(D. Remnick, b. Hackensack, N. Y., 1958, was then the Moscow correspondent of the Washington Post. He gives the account of Col. Aleksander Tretetsky, of the Soviet Military Prosecutor's Office, on the exhumation of the remains of Polish police and gendarmes from the Ostashkov camp. They wre executed in the NKVD prison in Kalinin/Tver and buried at nearby Mednoe. Tretetsky cites interviews with living NKVD participants.

In the British-made historical TV film, "Behind Closed Doors. Stalin, the Nazis and the West," the aged, former NKVD chief of the Kalinin/Tver region, Tokarev, is shown speaking (1991) about the murder of the Ostashkov prisoners in the NKVD jail. His statement that the chief executioner,.Blokhin, committed suicide, is incorrect; Blokhin died in his bed;. see biogr. note on Blokhin in Cienciala et al., eds.,Katyn. A Crime Without Punishment.)

Solomon W. Slowes, edited by Wladyslaw T. Bartoszewski, THE ROAD TO KATYN. A Soldier's Story, (Oxford, 1992).

(Memoirs of a Polish-Jewish officer, a doctor, who survived. It is estimated, on the basis of names and patronymics --noted in NKVD records--,that about 10% of the Polish officers murdered by the NKVD in spring 1940 were Jews. The American specialist on this subject is Dr. Simon Schochet (b. Lodz, Poland, 1926), survivor of Dachau, Professor Emeritus of Miami University, Oxford, OH., and Yeshiva University, New York; he resides in Brooklyn Heights, N. Y. )

Robert Szymczak, "A Matter of Honor: Polonia and the Congressional Investigation of the Katyn Forest Massacre," Polish American Studies, vol. 41, no. 1, Spring 1984, pp. 25-65.

(Szymczak, a specialist on 20th c. Polish-American history, teaches at Pennsylvania State University, Beaver Lake, PA. This is the best study on the subject; it is based on U. S. and Polish-American sources).

Same, "The Vindication of Memory: the Katyn Case in the West, Poland, and Russia, (1952-2008)," Polish Review, v. LIII [53], 2008, no. 4, pp. 419-444.

(An excellent review of the history by an expert.)

J. K. Zawodny, DEATH IN THE FOREST. The Story of the Katyn Forest Massacre, (Notre Dame, IN, 1962, and reprints).

(Janusz K. Zawodny, b. Poland, 1921, a Sociologist and Historian, fought in the Warsaw Uprising, 1944, and authored the first scholarly book on the subject. This classic study is based on documents of the Congressional Commission of Inquiry, 1951-52, a Polish government collection of data, also personal accounts, published in roneo form in London in 1946. The book is an excellent introduction to the Russian documents given by President Boris Yeltsin to Polish President Lech Walesa in October 1992, and the documents found by Russian and Polish historians, published in Warsaw and Moscow --see note on N. S. Lebedeva article above.)

(xiii) THE POLISH QUESTION IN WORLD WAR II (Diplomatic History).

A. Surveys:

Anna M. Cienciala, "The View from Poland," in: Arnold A. Offner and Theodore A. Wilson, Victory in Europe 1945. From World War to Cold War, (Lawrence, KS., 2000), pp. 47-102.

(This is a brief outline of the topic. Unfortunately, the author did not catch a couple of errors which crept in, unnoticed, in the course of many revisions. On p. 59, line 3 from bottom states that Polish Premier Mikolajczyk learned, when in Moscow Oct. 1944, that Stalin's demand for Konigsberg "had not been granted. " - when it had been granted at the Big Three Conference, Tehran, Nov-Dec. 1943. On p. 65, end of par. from p. 64, states that the secret frontier treaty between the PKWN (Polish Committee of National Liberation) and the Soviet leadersw as signed in late July 1945, when it should be late July 1944. There are also some typographical errors.)

Same, "Polish Foreign Policy in World War II; Military Realities versus Polish Psychological Realities," in: John S. Micgiel and Piotr W.Wandycz, eds., Reflections on Polish Foreign Policy (Conference Papers, Nov. 17, 2005; Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs, New York, 2007), pp.89-139.

[The papers cover Poland from the pre-partition period through 2005.)

John L. Harper and Andrew Parlin, THE POLISH QUESTION DURING WORLD WAR II, Foreign Policy Institute, Case Studies no. 15, (Washington, D. C., 1990).

(John L. Harper was then Assoc. Professor of European studies and U. S. foreign policy at the Bologna Center of the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. Andrew Parlin went on to work for Oeschle International Advisors, Boston. This is a textbook for courses on the history international relations; it gives good, brief, summaries of the discussions on Poland at Tehran and Yalta, but contains numerous errors in background information on Poland and fails to convey the dilemmas faced by Polish policy makers.)

Jan Karski, THE GREAT POWERS AND POLAND, 1919-1945, (Lanham, MD; London, 1985.)

(Jan. Karski, 1914-2000, gave a personal eyewitness account of German genocide of Jews in Poland in a report on the situation when he was sent --for the second time -- as a courier by the Polish underground to the Polish govt.then in London,in Nov. 1942. He went on to study and teach Political Science in Washington, D. C. The author's interpretation of Polish foreign policy in the interwar period shows a strong negative bias, but he is an excellent guide to the wartime period. The book is based predominantly on published sources. He wrote and published the book The Polish Underground State in New York, 1944.)

John Coutovidis and Jaime Reynolds, POLAND 1939-1947, (Leicester, U.K, and New York, 1986).

(The two British historians based their work mainly on English archival sources and are very critical of the policies of the Polish government in London. (Compare with Cienciala articles above and in section B, below).

Ito Takayuki, "The Genesis of the Cold War. Confrontation over Poland, 1941- 1944," in: Nagai Yonosouke and Iriye Akira, THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR IN ASIA, (New York, 1977).pp. 147-202.

(This is a good study based on sources accessible to the author at the time.)

B. The Soviet Union and Poland in World War II.

Wladyslaw Anders, An Army in Exile. The Story of the Polish Second Corps, (London, 1949, reprinted Nashville, Tenn., 1981).

(On W. Anders, see section viii above).

Anna M. Cienciala, "The Activities of Polish Communists as a Source for Stalin's Policy Toward Poland in World War II," International History Review, vol. VII, no. 1, Feb. 1985, pp. 129-145.

(This is based on sources available to the author at the time; archival Polish communist documents became available in Warsaw after 1989 and Comintern documents became accessible in Moscow in 1992.)

Same: "The Question of the Polish-Soviet Frontier in 1939-1940, "Polish Review, vol. 23, 1978 (?), no. 3, pp. 295-324.

(This, and other articles by the author are based mainly on Polish archival sources in the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, London, and the Hoover Institute Archives, Stanford, CA.)

Same: "The Diplomatic Background of the Warsaw Rising of 1944: The Players and the Stakes," Polish Review, vol. 39, no. 4, 1994, pp. 393-413.

Same: "Great Britain and Poland before and after Yalta, 1939-1945," Polish Review, vol. 40, no. 3, 1995, pp. 281-314.

Same: "General Sikorski and the Conclusion f the Polish-Soviet Agreement of July 30, 1941: A Reassessment," Polish Review, vol. 41, no. 4, 1996, pp. 401- 434.

Same: "New Light on Oskar Lange as an Intermediary between Roosevelt and Stalin in Attempts to Create a New Polish Government (January November 1944)," Acta Poloniae Historica, (Warsaw, 1996) vol. 73, pp. 89-134.

(This article is based on U. S. and Russian archival documents.;see also R. Szymczak articles listed under E below).

Krystyna Kersten, The Establishment of Communist Rule in Poland, 1943- 1947, translated and annotated by John Micgiel and Michael H. Bernard; foreword by Jan T. Gross (University of California Press, 1991).

(Ttranslation of a work based on Polish party archives, which first appeared in the underground press in 1984. K. Kersten is a prominent Polish historian of 20th c. Poland and em. faculty member of the Polish History Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw. [For Eng. lang. communist documents, see A. Polonsky and Drukier under Documents, below.]

Stanislaw Kot, Conversations with the Kremlin and Dispatches from Russia, (London, Oxford, 1963).

(Translation and annotation by Henry Charles Stevens of a work first published in Polish. St. Kot, 1885-1975, a cultural historian, one of the leaders of the interwar Polish Peasant Party and close adviser to Polish Premier and Commander-in-Chief, General W. Sikorski, was Polish ambassador to Soviet Russia 1941-43; he quotes extensively from his reports to and correspondence with Sikorski.

Documents on Polish-Soviet Relations in World War II.

DOCUMENTS ON POLISH-SOVIET RELATIONS, 1939-1945, 2 vols., (London, General Sikorski Historical Institute, 1961, 1967.

Excellent selection of translated and edited Polish documents from the archives of the Polish Government-in-Exile, now in the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, London.)

Wojciech Materski, ed., Kremlin versus Poland 1939-1945. Documents from the Soviet Archives, (Warsaw, 1996).

(16 of the 18 documents cover the WW II period. This is a very useful supplement to Engl. lang. documents, showing Soviet policy on Poland as made and seen in Moscow. The documents are presented in copies of Russian documents with Eng. trans. See also Cienciala et al., eds., Katyn. A Crime Without Punishment (New Haven, Conn., 2007.)

Antony Polonsky and Boleslaw Drukier, eds., The Beginnings of Communist Rule in Poland, December 1943 June 1945, (London, 1980).

A. Polonsky, a historian of modern Poland and editor of thePolin series, was then teaching at the London School of Economics, is now Albert Abrahamson Professor of Holocaust Studies at Brandeis University and the U.S. Holocaust Museum, Washington,D .C. ; B. Drukier, was a former member of the Polish Central Committee who left Poland in 1968. These are translations of Polish documents taken by Drukier when he left Poland.)

Oleg A. Rzheshevsky, ed., WAR AND DIPLOMACY. The Making of the Grand Alliance, trans. T.Sorokina, (Amsterdam, 1996).

(The Russian documents show Stalin's aims and tactics in negotiating the alliance with Great Britain, signed finally in May 1942. The Polish-Soviet border was a frequent subject of discussion, but Stalin decided not to press the issue at this time. Rzheshevsky is the director of the Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.)

C. Great Britain and Poland in World War II:

Anna M. Cienciala, "Great Britain and Poland Before and After Yalta," Polish Review, vol. 40, no. 3, 1995, pp. 281-314.

George Kacewicz, Great Britain, the Soviet Union and the Polish Government in Exile (1939-1945), (The Hague, 1979).

(Good use of published documentary sources, some Polish archival sources, but now partially outdated due to the release of some Russia and many Polish documents after 1989.).

Anita J. Prazmowska, BRITAIN AND POLAND 1939-1943. The Betrayed Ally, (Cambridge, UK, 1995).

(A. Prazmowska is a British historian of Polish descent teaching at the London School of Economics. She makes very good use of English and some Polish archival sources on British policy, but excoriates the Polish government for being "unrealistic. " This view ignores Polish public opinion both in occupied Poland, in the Polish armed forces in the West, emigre Poles and Polish-Americans, most of whom opposed Soviet political and territorial demands. See Cienciala, Polish Review, vol. 42, no. 3, 1997, pp. 379-83, also in Micgiel and Wandycz eds., Reflections on Polish Foreign Policy, New York, 2007.)).

Sarah Meiklejohn Terry, POLAND'S PLACE IN EUROPE. General Sikorski and the Origins of the Oder-Neisse Line, 1939-1943, (Princeton, N. J., 1983).

(S. Meiklejohn Terry is a Political Scientist who then taughtat Tufts University. She makes excellent use of Polish and British archival sources available in London. She argues that it was Sikorski and not the Polish communists who first proposed a Polish western frontier on the Oder-Western Neisse Line. He was certainly the forst Polish statesman to do so, but Russian documents in English translation published in 1996 (Rzheshevsky, ed.,) show that Stalin proposed a Polish frontier on the Oder in his talks with British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden in mid-December 1941.

Edward Raczynski, In Allied London, (London, 1962).

(These memoirs -- a shortened version of the Polish original -- are based on the author's diaries with some photographs. Edward Raczynski, 1891-1993, was in the Polish diplomatic service from 1918 onward. He was Polish ambassador in London 1932-45, also acting Foreign Minister in 1940-43. After the war, he succeeded August Zaleski as President of the symbolic Polish government-in-exile.)

D. British studies on British policy in World War II (with reference to Poland):

Sir LLewellyn Woodward, BRITISH FOREIGN POLICY IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR, 2d revised edition, 3 vols, (London, 1970-73).

(L. Woodward ,1890-1971, had free access to British archival documents. This is still a very useful work, although the British archives for the wartime period became accessible in 1971.)

Elizabeth Barker, Churchill and Eden at War, (London, 1978).

(E. Barker, a British historian, also wrote on British policy in the Balkans. This book has a good chapter on Poland).

Victor Rothwell, BRITAIN AND THE COLD WAR, 1941-1947, (London, 1982).

(ch. 2 and 3 deal with British policy toward the USSR and Eastern Europe. Rothwell also authored a book on British War Aims and Peace Diplomacy 1914- 1918.)

E. U.S. Policy toward and on Poland in World War II.

Jan Ciechanowski, DEFEAT IN VICTORY, (Garden City, N. Y., 1947).

(Jan Ciechanowski, 1888-1958, was Polish ambassador in Washington, D. C., 1941- 45. This is an excellent source based on his notes, manu of which correspond with his reports , now in the Polish Foreign Ministry collection, Hoover Institute Archives, Stanford, CA. He is not to be confused with Jan M. Ciechanowski, a Polish historian who had taught for many years in London, also authoring books and articles on Poland in WWII.)

William Larsch, "W. Averell Harriman and the Polish Question, December 1943 August 1944," East European Politics and Societies, vol. 7, no. 3, 1993.

(W. Larsch was then completing his Ph. D. dissertation at Yale University. Based on the Harriman papers, this reveals FDR's irritation with the Polish government-in-exile, and his determination to have a new Polish govt. established that would be acceptable both to Stalin and U.S. public opinion.).

Same, "Yalta and the American Approach to Free Elections in Poland," Polish Review, vol. 40, no. 3, 1995, pp. 267-280.

(Shows that the Yalta promise of free elections in Poland was made without any serious intent to see them carried out.)

Richard C. Lukas, THE STRANGE ALLIES. The United States and Poland, 1941- 1945, (Knoxville, Tenn., 1978).

(On Lukas, see his book in IX, section 1, above. This is a very good survey based mainly on U. S. archival sources and published materials.)

Robert Szymczak, "Oskar Lange, American Polonia and the Polish-Soviet Dilemma During World War II: I. The Public Partisan as Private Emissary," Polish Review, vol. 40, 1995, no. 1, pp. 3-28.

Same, "Oskar Lange . II. Making a Case for a 'People's Poland, '"Polish Review, vol. 40, 1995, no. 2, pp. 131-158. (cf. Anna M. Cienciala, on Oskar Lange, section B above).

(Szymczak, who teaches history at Pennsylvania State University, Beaver Lake, makes excellent use of U. S. archival sources.)

Same: "Uneasy Observers: The OSS Foreign Nationalities Branch and Perceptions of Polish Nationalism in the United States during World War II," Polish American Studies, vol. 56, no. 1., Spring 1999, pp. 7-74.

(a valuable piece of research on OSS --Office of Special Services --surveillance of Polish and Polish-American activities at this time.)

F. American Policy in World War II, with reference to Poland.

John Lamberton Harper, AMERICAN VISIONS OF EUROPE. Franklin D. Roosevelt, George F. Kennan and Dean G. Acheson, (Cambridge, UK, 1994.)

(On J. L. Harper, see Polish Question in WW II, above. The author argues that Roosevelt was a Jeffersonian in foreign policy, so had no interest in a postwar U. S. presence in Europe. Thus, he shared Stalin's view on natural Soviet predominance in E. Europe.)

Warren F. Kimball, THE JUGGLER. Franklin Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman, (Princeton, N. J., 1991).

(W. F, Kimball, b. Brooklyn, N. Y., 1935,, U. S. Navy, 1958-65, has authored many books and edited the complete Churchill-Roosevelt wartime correspondence. This is a collection of articles by an admirer of FDR, who then taughte at Rutgers University. Contrast with: John Lamberton Harper above.)

G. Great Britain, the Soviet Union, the United States and Poland in World War II.

LLoyd C. Gardner, SPHERES OF INFLUENCE. The Great Powers Partition Europe, from Munich to Yalta, (Chicago, 1993).

(L. C. Gardner, b. Delaware, OH., 1939,, USAAF 1961- 65, then taught at Rutgers University. He argues that the division between Western and Easter Europe, both at Munich in 1938 and in 1945, was natural and beneficial to all concerned. This view was not shared by the peoples of Eastern Europe and East European exiles in the West.)

Edward J. Rozek, ALLIED WARTIME DIPLOMACY: A Pattern in Poland, New York, 1958, reprint (Boulder, CO, 1989).

E. J. Rozek, b. Poland, 1920, d. U.S. 2009, served with Polish armed forces in the West in World War II, earned Polish and U. S. decorations. Educated as a Political Scientist in the U. S., he was a long time Professor of Pol. Sc. University of Colorado at Boulder, and for 30 yrs. director of the Institute for the Study of Economic and Political Freedom, also of the Slavic Studies Program. The author condemns the western betrayal of Poland. The book is valuable for its use of the papers of St. Mikolajczyk, 1900-1960, Premier of the Polish Government- in- exile, July 1943-November 1944, a Deputy Premier in postwar Poland, 1945-46. These papers are now accessible in the Hoover Institute Archives, Stanford, CA).

H. Polish Government Policy in World War II.

Anna M. Cienciala (see articles listed in section B, above, esp. in Micgiel and Wandycz eds., Reflections on Polish Foreign Policy, New York, 2007.)

Jan Karski, The Great Powers and Poland, 1919-1945. From Versailles to Yalta, University Press of America, Lanham, MD., 1985.

(Part II is a good survey, based mostly on secondary sources. Jan Karski, 1914- 2000, a member of the Polish Home Army in WW II, was best known for his daring foray into a death camp for Jews to gather eye witness evidence of the German genocide of the Jews in Poland. He carried the news to London, where he arrived in November 1942. His report led to the Polish Government's appeal to other allied governments to act in order to stop the genocide, but the appeal came to naught. He settled in the U. S. after the war and taught International Relations and Communist Theory at Georgetown University, Washington, D. C., See: "In Memoriam. Jan Karski (1914-2000)," U. S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, September/October 2000, p. 3; "Jan Karski 1914-2000," Przeglad Polski, New York, 21 July, 2000, pp. 1-2. There is also a biography, though written in a somewhat overblown style, see: Thomas E. Wood, Karski: How One Man Tried to Stop the Holocaust, New York, 1994.)

Piotr S. Wandycz, Polish Diplomacy: Aims and Achievements, 1919- 1945, (London, 1988).

(Succinct overview by a master diplomatic historian. Professor Wandycz, b. Poland 1923, has published many works on diplomatic history in the period 1918-36, as well as books on Polish-Soviet relations 1917-21, Polish-U. S. relations, and a history of East Central Europe. He is Bradford Durfee Professor Emeritus of Yale University.)

(i) Documents on the Great Powers and the Polish Question in World War II

Antony Polonsky, ed., THE GREAT POWERS AND THE POLISH QUESTION, 1941- 1945, (London, 1980).

(British, Polish and American documents, some Russian, edited by a historian of Poland and Polish Jewry. Polonsky, the editor of the POLIN volumes on the history the Jews in Poland, holds the Abrahmson chair of Jewish History at Brandeis University.)

The Sikorski Institute, London, ed., Documents on Polish-Soviet Relations, 1939-1945, 2 vols.,(London, 1961, 1967.)

(English translations of diplomatic documents; still a very useful selection with end notes.)

Section 7. 2. CZECHOSLOVAKIA IN WORLD WAR II.

A. Surveys.

J. Korbel, 20th Century Czechoslovakia, (New York, 19820, ch. 8.

(On Korbel, see interwar Czechoslovakia.)

Victor S. Mamatey and Radomir Luza, A History of the Czechoslovak Republic, (Princeton, N.J.1973), Part Two, ch. 8-13.

(On the authors, see interwar Czechoslovakia.)

B. Occupied Bohemia-Moravia, Czechoslovak Armed Forces and the Government-in-Exile.

Edvard Benes, with an Introduction by Milan Hauner, The Fall and Rise of a Nation: Czechoslovakia 1939-1941 (New York, 2004).

(Edvard Benes, 1884-1948; Czechoslovak Foreign Minister, 1918-35; President, 1935-38, head of government in exile,, 1939-45, President 1945-1948.)

Bruce Berglund, "Lidice and the Czechoslovak Exiles in UK, "Kosmas: Czechoslovak and Central European Journal, vol. XIII, no. 1, 1998, pp. 136- 88.

(Berglund, now a professor at Calvin College,was then a Ph. D. student at the University of Kansas.)

Same, "We Wish We Were Home;" The Czechoslovak Emigre Community in Britain, 1940- 1945, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Kansas, 1999.

(Based on thorough research in Czech archives in Prague and U. S., this is an excellent work on the subject.)

Chad Bryant., Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism," (Cambridge, Mass, 2007).

(reviews by Gary B. Cohen, Slavic Review, v. 67, no.3, Fall 2008, pp. 741-742; David Gerlach, "The Protectorate in Shades of Gray," HABSBURG, May 2008, URL:
http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=14511.)

Avigdor Dagan (Viktor Fischl), ed., "The Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile and the Jews," in: Same, The Jews of Czechoslovaka: Historical Studies and Surveys, (Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia, PA., 1984), pp. 449-495.

(A. Dagan, b. Czechoslovakia, 1913, represented the Jewish Party in the Czechoslovak parliament before the war; was in London during the war, and became an Israeli diplomat in 1950.)

Peter Demetz, Prague in Danger: The Years of German Occupation, 1939-45: Memoirs and History, Terror and Resistance, Theater and Jazz, Film and Poetry, Politics and War (New York, 2008).

(P. Demetz was born in. Prague, 1922 into a mixed Ladino-Jewish family; his father was a poet and theater director (German); his Jewish mothr died in Theresienstadt.The author lived in Prague during WW II; survived a German forced labor camp and emigrated to the U.S. in 1948. He also wrote a history of Prague from the beginning to the death of Thomas G. Masaryk (1937): Prague in Black and Gold (Hill and Wang, 1997). He is Sterling Professor Emeritus of Germanic Language and Literature at Yale (2009). See excellent, informative review of Prague in Danger,by John Banville, "The Invader Wore Slippers," New York Review of Books, May 28, 2009, pp. 32-34.

Radomir Luza, The Hitler Kiss A Memoir of the Czech Resistance, (Baton Rouge, LA, 2002).

(Personal memoir by the son of one of Czech resistance leaders, who was betrayed and killed. The author shows that the resistance was largely passive until 1944. He taught history for many years at the Univ. of Louisiana at Baton Rouge.)

Vojtech Mastny, THE CZECHS UNDER NAZI RULE. The Failure of National Resistance, 1939-1942, (New York, 1971.)

(Nazi policy was fairly lenient until the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich in May 1942. There was a collaborationist government under President Emil Hacha which, however, was in secret contact with the Czechoslovak government in London. Mastny cites Czech underground leaders begging President E. Benes not to proceed with the assassination of Heydrich because it was bound to bring severe reprisals and destroy the underground, but Benes decided to go through with it in order to prove that the Czechs were resisting the German occupation. (pp. 209 ff). The result was the German burning of Lidice. (See Berglund above and Macdonald below).

Same, "The Benes-Stalin-Molotov Conversations in December 1943. New Documents," Geschichte Osteuropas, vol. 20, no. 3, 1972, pp. 367-402.

(A Czech account of important conversations which laid the basis for the semi-democratic Czechoslovak political system as it existed in 1945-48.)

Callum Macdonald, THE KILLING OF SS OBERGRUPPENFURHER REINHARD HEYDRICH, (New York, 1989).

(C. Macdonald, b. Scotland, 1947, was then teaching at the University of Warwick, UK. This is a detailed study of the plan to drop Czech parachutists from the UK to kill Heydrich, its implementation, and German retaliation. Heydrich was killed by Czechs parachuted in from London. Betrayed by one of their own, the rest fought to the death rather than surrender.)

Alice Teichova, "The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939-1945): the economic dimension," in: Mikulas Teich, Bohemia in History, (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 267-305.

(A good survey by a Czech economic historian.)

Lewis White, ed., On All Fronts: Czechs and Slovaks in World War II, East European Monographs, (Boulder CO., and New York, 1991).

(The most comprehensive Eng. lang. work on the topic so far.)

President Edvard Benes in World War II.

Edvard Benes, MEMOIRS OF DR. EDUARD BENES: From Munich to New Victory, trans. Geoffrey Lias, (London, 1954, reprint Wstport, CT, 1978).

(Benes wrote them with an eye to Soviet susceptibilities.)

George F. Kennan, FROM PRAGUE AFTER MUNICH. Diplomatic Papers, 1938- 1940, (Princeton, N. J. 1968).

(G. F. Kennan, 1904-2005, famous American diplomat, later expert on Soviet foreign policy, was U. S. minister in Prague at this time.)

Edward Taborsky, PRESIDENT EDVARD BENES BETWEEN EAST AND WEST, 1938- 1948, (Stanford, CA, 1981), ch. 1-8.

(E. Taborsky, b. Prague, 1910, Benes's Private Secretary during WW II, wrote this v. valuable work. It is based on his contemporary notes; his papers are in the Hoover Institute Archives, Stanford, CA. The author was, for many years, a Professor of Government at the University of Texas, Houston, TX., and authored Communism in Czechoslovakia, 1948-1960, (Princeton, 1961.)

Zbynek Zeman with Antonin Klimek, The Life of Edvard Benes, 1884-1948. Czechoslovakia in Peace and War, (Oxford, 1997), ch. 10-14.

(Highly critical of Benes. For the Czech authors, see section on Interwar Czechoslovakia.)

C. The Sudeten Germans at the end of World War II.

Radomir Luza, THE TRANSFER OF THE SUDETEN GERMANS. A Study of Czech-German Relations, 1933-1962, (New York, 1964), Part III, Decisive Years.

On Luza, see sections on interwar and wartime Czechoslovakia).

Ronald M. Smelser, "The Expulsion of the Sudeten Germans: 1945-1952," NATIONALITIES PAPERS, vol. 24, no. 1, March 1996, pp. 79-92.

(While the expulsion of any people from their homeland is a violation of human rights, we should keep in mind that most Sudeten Germans welcomed German sovereignty and that thousands of Czechs were expelled after the annexation of the region to Germany in October 1938. Therefore, when Benes issued the appropriate decrees, the expulsion of the Sudeten Germans was supported by the vast majority of Czechs. and Czech public opinion supports it to this day.)

D. Slovakia in World War II.

Yeshayahu A. Jelinek, THE PARISH REPUBLIC: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, 1939-1945, East Eur. Mon. 14, (New York, 1976).

(A very critical study by a Czech-born Israeli historian.)

Stanislav J. Kirschbaum, A History of Slovakia, (New York, 1995), ch. 9, 10.

(A sympathetic study by a Canadian historian of Slovakia. On Kirschbaum, see interwar Czechoslovakia.)

E. Subcarpathian Rus in World War II.

Paul R. Magocsi, The Shaping of a National Identity: Subcarpathian Rus', 1848-1948, (Cambridge, Mass., 1978), ch. 12, 13.

(Magocsi was then teaching at the University of Toronto. His 32 books (so far) include a Historical Atlas of East Central Europe, an Atlas of Ukrainian history, and a History of Ukraine.)

Section 7. pt. 3. HUNGARY in World War II.

A. Surveys:

Jorg K. Hoensch, A History of Modern Hungary, 1867-1986, trans. Kim Traynor, (London, New York 1988, 2nd edition, 1996), ch. 4.

(J. K. Hoensch then taught at the University of the Saarland, Saarbrucken, Germany).

C. A. Macartney, OCTOBER FIFTEENTH. A History of Modern Hungary, 1929- 1945, (2nd ed., Edinburgh, 1961), vol. I, ch. 18-24, and vol. II

(By a British historian sympathetic to Hungary; still worth reading.)

Peter F. Sugar et al., A History of Hungary, (Bloomington, IN, 1990). Ch. 18, pp. 346-355, covers the war period.

(P. F. Sugar, d. 1999, was an eminent historian of Eastern Europe who taught for many years at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA.)

Kristian Ungvary, Battle for Budapest. 100 Days in World War II, Translated by Ladislaus Lob, (London, 2003).

(Hitler ordered Budapest to be defended at all costs and much of the city was destroyed. See review by Thomas Land, Times Literary Supplement, 19 & 26 December 2003, p. 35.)

B. Hungarian WW II Diplomacy:

Mario D. Fenyo, HITLER, HORTHY AND HUNGARY. German-Hungarian Relations, 1941-1944, (New Haven, 1972).

Stephen D. Kertesz, DIPLOMACY IN A WHIRLPOOL. Hungary Between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, (Notre Dame, IN, 1953), ch. 4, pp. 48-57.

(Kertesz was a Hungarian diplomat before becoming an American scholar specializing in Hungary. On the author, see under interwar Hungary. This an older work, still useful, by a Hungarian diplomat.)

Guyla Juhasz, HUNGARIAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1914-1945, (Budapest, 1975), ch. IV, V, pp. 157-338, cover the war period.

(This is the most detailed account of the topic in English. Juhasz is a diplomatic historian; the book was written under some political constraints but is generally reliable.)

Thomas L. Sakmyster, Hungary's admiral on horseback: Miklos Horthy 1918-1944, East European Monographs, (Boulder, CO., and New York, 1994).

(See note on author in section on interwar Hungary.)

Lorent Tilkovszky, PAL TELEKI (1879-1941): A Biographical Sketch, (Budapest, 1974).

(P. Teleki, Premier 1920-21 and 1939-41, committed suicide when Horthy abandoned the policy of balancing between Great Britain and Germany. This biography is biased against the Premier.)

Documents on Admiral Horthy.

Miklos de Nagabanya Horthy, CONFIDENTIAL PAPERS, edited by Miklos Szinai and Laszlo Szacs, (Budapest, 1965).

(This is a selection of documents, accompanied by comments with a strong anti- Horthy bias.)

C. Horthy's Memoirs.

Nicholas Horthy, Memoirs, 1957, reprint, (Westport CT, 1978).

(Written in exile near Lisbon, Portugal, these memoirs give the author's point of view. For a reliable biography, see Sakmyster above.)

D. Kallay Memoirs.

Miklos Kallay, HUNGARIAN PREMIER: A Personal Account of a Nation's Struggle in the Second World War, (New York, 1954, reprint, Westport, CT, 1970).

(M. Kallay, 1887-1967, was Premier in 1942-44, when both he and Adm. Horthy refused German Nazi orders to round up Hungarian Jews.They were, however, rounded up by Hungarian fascists and deported to German death camps in German-occupied Poland.These memoirs were written in exile.)

Other Memoirs on Hungary in WW II.

John Flournoy-Montgomery, Hungary: The Unwilling Satellite, (New York, 1947).

(A sympathetic account by a former U. S. ambassador in Budapest, 1933-41.)

Ferenc A. Vali, A SCHOLAR'S ODYSSEY, (Ames, Iowa, 1990).

(Life story of an American scholar of Hungarian origin, author of a book on the Hungarian Uprising of 1956.)

E. Hungarian Jews in WW II.

Randolph L. Braham, comp., THE HUNGARIAN JEWISH CATASTROPHE: A Selected and Annotated Bibliography, (2d rev. ed., East Eur. Monographs no. 162, New York, 1984.)

R. L. Braham (b. Romania, 1922) is a historian of the Holocaust; he then taught at the City University of New York.

Same with Bela Vago, eds., The Holocaust in Hungary Forty Years Later, (Social Science Monographs and Institute of Holocaust Studies of the City University of New York, and Institute of Holocaust Studies of the University of Haifa, 1985).

(Part II contains chapters on the Holocaust in Hungary; part III, deals with Interpretations and Reactions; part IV is titled: The Lingering Issue. On the editors, see: Interwar Hungary).

Same with Attila Pok, eds., The Holocaust in Hungary Fifty Years Later, (New York, 1997).

(This is a volume of papers read at a conference in Budapest, April 1994. Some of the papers are published in English, some in Hungarian. After the Opening Remarks, in which a former K.U administrator, Frances, Dagen Horowitz, took part, the book is divided as follows: Antecedents (2 papers are in English); The Holocaust Era: 1941-45 (3 Papers in English); The Postwar Era (7 papers in English). Attila Pok, was then Director of the Institute of History, Hungarian Academy of Sciences.)

Same, "An Assault on Historical Memory: Hungarian Nationalists and the Holocaust," East European Quarterly, vol. 33, no. 4, Winter 1999, pp. 411- 425.

Same and Brewster S. Chamberlain, eds., The Holocaust in Hungary: Sixty Years Later, New York, NY, 2006; see review by Gabor Szegedi, "Rediscovering the Holocaust in Hungary," H-German, H-Net Reviews December 2006, URL:http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=12620.)

Janos Pelle, Sowing the Seeds of Hatred: Anti-Jewish Laws and Hungarian Public Opinion, 1938-1944, (New York, NY, 2004).

Tamas Stark, Hungarian Jews During the Holocaust and After the Second World War, 1939-1949, (New York, NY, 2000)..

Bela Zsolt, Nine Suitcases, translated by Ladislaus Lob, (London, 2003).

(The extraordinary odyssey of a Jewish-Hungarian family; review in Times Literary Supplement, 03/12/04, p. 37.)

Section 7, pt. 4. The Balkans in World War II.

1. Surveys:

Barbara Jelavich, HISTORY OF THE BALKANS. Twentieth Century, (Cambridge, UK, 1973, and reprints), ch. 7.

(On author, see Pt I, Balkans)

John R. Lampe, and Mark Mazower, eds., Balkans into Southeastern Europe. A Century of War and Transition (Central European Press, 20060.

(J. R. Lampe is an American specialist on Bulgaria and Yugoslavia; he teaches at the University of Maryland, College Park, MD. Mark Mazower is the author of the magisterial work: Hitler's East European Empire, New York, 2008,; he teaches at Columbia University, New York.)

L. S. Stavrianos, THE BALKANS SINCE 1453, (New York, 1959), ch. 38.

(On author, see Pt I, Balkans).

2. British Policy in the Balkans in WW II:

Phyllis Auty and Richard Clogg, eds., British Policy Towards Wartime Resistance in Yugoslavia and Greece, (London, 1975).

(P. Auty, b. UK, 1910, was a specialist on Yugoslavia; R. Clogg is a British historian of Greece. These are conference papers including those by Elizabeth Barker, an English historian of World War II diplomacy (see below), and Frederick W. Deakin (b. 1913), who was involved in Special Operations in Yugoslavia in World War II and is an authority on the subject.)

Elizabeth Barker, British Policy in South-East Europe in the Second World War, (London, 1976).

(Detailed study by a specialist.)

Stoyan Rachev, Anglo-Bulgarian Relations during the Second World War (1939- 1944), (Sofia, 1981. See also under: Yugoslavia).

(Work by a Bulgarian historian written under political constraints.)

(i) Albania in WW II.

Julian Amery, SONS OF THE EAGLE: A Study in Guerrilla War, (London, 1948).

(J. Amery, b. London, 1919, was a British liaison officer to the Albanian resistance movement, 1944. He also wrote a biography of Joseph Chamberlain (1932) and an autobiography (1973).

Berndt J. Fischer, Albania at War, 1939-1945, (West Lafayette, IN., 1999).

(Fischer, an expert on Albania and Germany, also international relations, then taught in the Dept. of History, Indiana/Purdue University. This work, based on many primary and secondary sources, is the best study of the subject for far. (see Richard Crampton's review, Slavic Review, vol. 59, no. 3, Fall 2000, pp. 653-654).

Miranda Vickers, A History of Albania, (New York, N. Y., 1999), chapter 7.

(By an expert on the subject; see also Lec.Notes 16, Albania.)

(ii) Bulgaria in WWII.

R. J. Crampton, A Short History of Modern Bulgaria, (Cambridge, UK, 1987), pp. 124-134.

Same, A Concise History of Bulgaria, (Cambridge, UK, 1997 and reprints), ch. 7.

(On R. J. Crampton, see Part I, Historical Atlases.)

Michael M. Boll, THE COLD WAR IN THE BALKANS: American Foreign Policy and the Emergence of Communist Bulgaria, 1943-1947, (Lexington, Ky., 1984).

Stephane Groueff, CROWN OF THORNS: The Reign of King Boris III of Bulgaria, 1918-1943, (Lanham, Md., 1987).

(favorable to the King.)

John R. Lampe, THE BULGARIAN ECONOMY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, (New York, 1986), ch. 4.

(Study of the late communist Bulgarian economy by an expert.)

Marshall Lee Miller, Bulgaria during the Second World War, (Stanford, 1975).

(by an American historian.)

Nissen Oren, BULGARIAN COMMUNISM: The Road to Power, 1934-1944, (Baltimore, 1973).

(By an American specialist on Bulgaria.)

Bulgarian Jews in WW II.

Frederick B. Chary, The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution, 1940- 44, (Pittsburg, 1972).

(F. B. Chary, b. Philadelphia, 1939, then taught at Indiana University North West, and edited the journal South East Europe. Bulgarians protected their Jewish co-citizens in the old Bulgarian lands, but not in territory annexed during WW II.)

(iii) Greece in WW II.

1. Surveys

Richard Clogg, A Short History of Modern Greece, (Cambridge University Press, 1974, 1979).

(By a British historian of Greece ;see chapter on Greece in Lec.Notes 16, World War II.)

Same, Greece, 1940-1949. Occupation, Resistance, Civl War: A Documentary History, (London, 2003).

D. George Kousoulas, Modern Greece. Profile of a Nation, (New York, 1974), ch. 5, The War Years, pp. 194-221.

(D. G. Kousoulas, a Greek historian, was then Professor of Political Science at Howard University.)

2. The Great Powers and Greece in WW II and the immediate postwar period.

Peter J. Stavrakis, Moscow and Greek Communism, 1944-1949, (Ithaca and London, 1989).

(P. J. Stavrakis was then teaching Political Science at the University of Vermont. The book is based on Greek and U. S. archival documents; it shows that Stalin shifted his policy in response to Greek politics and according to his relations with the western Powers.)

Lawrence S. Wittner, American Intervention in Greece, 1943-1949, (New York, 1982).

(L. W. Wittner was then teaching at SUNY, Albany, N.Y; he criticizes U. S. policy.)

(iv) Romania in WW II.

Dinu C. Giurescu, Romania in World War II, (New York, 2000)

(Editorial Reviews, amazon.com as of May 26, 2009.)

Review
"The author's aims are to explain significant developments; to reconstitute attitudes, reactions, decisions, and motivations of the key players; and to put Romania's situation in its wider historical context....The author is particularly successful in reconstituting the motivations and actions of key Romanian players....The primary value of "Romania in the Second World War" is to give English-speaking readers a window on the evolving debate in Romania on its internal wartime politics and policy. It offers a mine of sourced quotes and a useful Romanian-language bibliography." -- M.W.A. Axworthy, "Journal of Military History"

Product Description
Focusing on the case of a small state engulfed in the worldwide war, this book is a critical analysis from a global comparative perspective of Romania's major developments between 1939-1945. The book explains significant events as recorded in documents and in cross-examination and reenacts the way of thinking, actions, reactions, and motivations of the decision-makers and of the political opposition of the time, as events unfolded beyond their capacity to control them. The author puts events within a historical, geopolitical, perspective, both global and local.)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Keith Hitchins, RUMANIA 1866-1947, (Oxford, 1994), ch. 11, pp. 451-500.

(K. Hitchins, b. Schenectady, N. Y., 1931, is the leading American historian of Romania; he then taught at the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, IL.

Paul E. Michelson, "In Search of the 20th Century: Marshal Antonescu and Romanian History A Review Essay," Romanian Civilization, vol. III, no. 2, 1994, pp. 49-64.

(Marshal Ion Antonescu, 1882-1946, was Head of State 1940-44 and an ally of Germany, but tried to open peace negotiations with the western allies in 1942-43, without success. Arrested by the Russians in late August 1944, he and other members of his cabinet were taken to Moscow and held there until their show trial, March 1946; he was executed June 1, 1946.

P. E. Michelson is an American historian of Romania and one of the co-authors of A History of Romania, (see Kurt W. Treptow, below).

Kurt W. Treptow ed., A History of Romania, (3rd ed., Iasi, Romanai, 1997). Ch. III, The Twentieth Century pp. 467-513 covers the wartime period.

(This book was written by Romanian and American historians; it is sympathetic to Romania.)

British and American Policies toward Romania in WW II.

Elizabeth Barker, British Policy in South-East Europe in the Second World War, (London, 1976).

(On Barker, see British Policy toward the Balkans; Paul D. Quinlan, Clash over Romania: British and American Policies towards Romania, 1938-1947, (Los Angeles, CA, 1977.)

(v) Yugoslavia in WW II.

A. Surveys:

Stephen Clissold, ed., A Short History of Yugoslavia, (Cambridge, UK, 1966, 1968), ch. 11.

(S. Clissold, b. UK, 1913, was sent to Yugoslavia in 1943 and acted as a translator for Winston S. Churchill and J. B. Tito at their meeting in Italy, 1944.)

Fred Singleton, A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples, (Cambridge, UK, 1985), ch. 9.

(F. Singleton was chair of the Postgraduate School of Yugoslav Studies at the University of Bradford, 1971-81, when he retired.)

Jozo Tomasovich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945. Occupation and Collaboration (Stanford, CA, 2001).

(The best work on the subject. See Crompton review in International History Review, vol. XXIV, no. 4, Dec. 2002, pp. 931-933.)

Wayne S. Vucinich, ed., CONTEMPORARY YUGOSLAVIA: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment (Berkeley, CA, 1969). See Jozo V. Tomasevich's excellent article on Yugoslavia in the war.

(Wayne S. Vucinich, an American of Serbian descent, 1913-2005, grew up in Herzegovina but returned to the U.S. at age 18. He studied history at Berkeley, CA., with the famous Slavicist, Robert Kerner; continued in Prague until the Munich Crisis of 1938 and finished his Ph.D. under Kerner in 1941. He served in the army at OSS H.Q. in Bari, Italy, later being posted to Bulgaria. He joined the Stanford Univ. History Dept., in 1946 to teach Western Civilization, but then specialized in Balkan studies. He was one of the founding fathers of Russian and East European, particularly Balkan studies in the U.S. after WW II, authored at least 14 books and guided many Ph.D.dissertations. See the Norman M. Naimark and David M. Kennedy Wayne S.Vucinich Memorial Resolution.)

B. Mihailovich's Chetniks, and allied policies in WW II Yugoslavia.

Matteo J. Milazzo, THE CHETNIK MOVEMENT and YUGOSLAV RESISTANCE, (Baltimore and London, 1975).

(a good study.)

PORTRAIT OF A TRAITOR. The Case of General Mihailovich, Introductory Essay by David Martin. Translation of "Proceedings and Report of the Commission of Inquiry of the Commitee for a Fair Trial for Dragoljub (Draja) Mihajlovich", (Stanford, CA, 1978).

(General Draza Mihailovich, 1893-1946, who led the royalist resistance movement against the Germans,was given a rigged trial and executed as a traitor by the Communist Yugoslav government. David Martin is an American historian sympathetic to Mihajlovich.)

Walter R. Roberts, Tito, Mihailovic and the Allies, 1941-1945, (New Brunswick, N. J., 1973).

(By a former U. S. ambassador to Yugoslavia, sympathetic to Mihailovic.)

Jozo V. Tomasevich, THE CHETNIKS. vol. l of: War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945 (Stanford, CA, 1977).

(For Tomasevich's complete work, see section A above.)

D. Josip Broz Tito, the Partisan Movement, and the Great Powers.

Nora Beloff, TITO'S FLAWED LEGACY. Yugoslavia and the West since 1939 (Boulder, CO, 1985).

(Nora Beloff, 1919-1997, was a British writer and journalist. This is an attack on the Tito myth; ch. 1-3 deal with the WW II period.)

Aleksa Djilas, THE CONTESTED COUNTRY. Yugoslav Unity and Communist Revolution, 1919-1953, (Cambridge, Mass, 1991).

(An excellent study by a sociologist, son of Yugoslav dissident, Milovan Djilas.)

Milovan Djilas, WARTIME, (New York, 1977).

Same: TITO. The Story from Inside, (New York, 1980).

(Milovan Djilas, 1911-1995, a Montenegrain and prewar communist, belonged to the top leadership of Tito's Partisans, but later became a dissident. He became famous with the publication of his book: The New Class; An Analysis of the Communist System, (London, 1958), for which he was imprisoned.

He published at least 40 books. This is is a critical biography by one who knew Tito well and turned against him. The book ranges over the whole of Tito's life, including wartime.

Paul Ivan Jukic, Uncommon Cause: The Soviet Union and Rise of Tito's Yugoslavia, 1941-1945, (Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, Director: Ivo Banac, Yale University, May 1997).

(Based on research in Moscow and Zagreb archives, where the author read previously unknown documents.)

Michael Lees, THE RAPE OF SERBIA;: The British Role in Tito's Grab for Power, 1943-1944, (San Diego, 1990).

(by a British liaison officer with the Chetniks, who claims the British helped the Communists; cf. David Martin's book below.)

Fitzroy Maclean THE HERETIC: The Life and Times of Josip Broz Tito, (New York, 1957).

(by an admiring British [Scots] officer, member of the British Military Mission to Tito and his Partisans.)

Same, Eastern Approaches, (London 1949, reprint, 1966.)

Memoirs.

David Martin, THE WEB OF DISINFORMATION: Churchill's Yugoslav Blunder, (New York, 1990).

(The author argues that Churchill abandoned Mihailovich for Tito under the influence of reports by Communist agents.)

Walter Roberts, Tito, Mihailovic, and the Allies, 1941-1945, (Durham, NC, 1987).

(diplomatic history: British, Soviet and U. S. policy toward Yugoslavia by a former U. S. ambassador, sympathetic to Mihailovic.)

Mark C. Wheeler, Britain and the War for Yugoslavia, 1940-1943, East Eur. Monographs no. 64, (New York, 1980).

(focuses on British relations with Yugoslav government-in-exile.)

END OF INDEX

END OF PART II