Bibliography, Part III

Anna M.Cienciala

Dept. of History,
Wescoe 3001,
1445 Jayhawk Blvd.,
University of Kansas,
Lawrence, KS., 66049.

hanka@ku.edu

(revised) Spring 2004.

SELECT, ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE WORKS ON THE HISTORY OF EAST CENTRAL EUROPE AND THE BALKANS.

PART III. FROM 1945 TO THE PRESENT.

EASTERNEUROPEFROMTHE ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMUNISTREGIMES THROUGHTHEFALL OF COMMUNISM AND THE FIRST POST-COMMUNIST DECADE.

Note: (1) The term: East Central Europe is used to denote Poland, Czechoslovakia, now the Czech and Slovak Republics, and Hungary, and these countries receive primary emphasis witha marginal treatment of East Germany (viewed as part of the German question), shorter coverage of the Balkans, and the Baltic States ( works on the last two regions are placed at the end of East Central Europe); (2) Eastern Europe denotes the whole region from the Baltic to the Aegean. (3) Books and articles on the countries of this whole region are coming out all the time, so this is a bibliography in progress; (4) Publishers are generally not listed; (5) Biographical information on authors is provided when available to the compiler; (6) Diacritics are omitted because they are not available on the Internet program.

Please feel free to send additions, corrections and suggestions to Anna M. Cienciala at one of the addresses provided above.

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Index:

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Reference Works.

For atlases, bibliographies, historical dictionaries, journals, and websites, please see the beginning of Part I of this bibliography.

I. Communist Eastern Europe, 1945-1968.

A. Surveys and edited works,1945-1968.

Derek H. Aldcroft and Steven Morewood, Economic Change in Eastern Europe since 1918, Aldershot, England, and Brookfield, VT., 1995, ch. 5-7

Good economic history; Aldcroft was then a Research Professor in Economic History at Manchester Metropolitan Universiry; Morewood was Lecturer in Social and Economic History at the University of Manchester.

J F. Brown, Eastern Europe under Communist Rule,Durham, N.C,. and London, 1988.

J.F. Brown, an American expert on E.Europe, was at that time a Visiting Fellow with the Rand/UCLA Center for the Study of Soviet International Behavior. This is avery good survey by country.

R.J. Crampton, EASTERN EUROPE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, London, New York, 1994.

v. good, synthetic approach, with special chapters on Czechoslovakia 1948 and Polish Solidarity 1980-81. (On Crampton, see Pt. I, Reference Works, Historical Atlases).

Grzegorz Ekiert, The State Against Society: Political Crises and Their Aftermath in East Central Europe, Princeton, N.J., 1996.

- discussion of Hungarian Revolution 1956, Prague Spring 1968, also politics and government in Poland, 1980-89. G.Ekiert (b. 1956), author of other books on East Central Europe, is professor of Government at Harvard University.

Ben Fowkes, Eastern Europe 1945-1969. From Stalinism to Stagnation, Pearson Education, Seminar Studies in History, (Longman), Harlow, England (and other places), 2000.

-designed for the non-specialist reader, this is a very good, brief, analytical study of all East European communist countries in this period with maps, selected documents and bibliography. Ben Fowkes is a Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Humanities, University of North London, England.

Norman Naimark & Leonid Gibianskii, The Establishment of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944-1949, Boulder,CO., 1997. (Papers by a number of specialists).

Naimark, an expert on East Germany (see book listed under East Germany), is Professor of History at Stanford University; Gibianskii is Senior Researcher at the Institute of Slavonic and Balkan Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Read the Introduction by Naimark and Gibianskii, pp. 1-16 and essay “War As Revolution” by Jan Gross; Ch. 1 is on the CPSU, the Cominform and Bulgaria; ch. 3. on the Soviet Leadership and Southeastern Europe; ch. 4 on Hungary; ch. 6 and 11 on East Germany; Chapters 5,7, 8 are on Poland; ch. 9 on Yugoslavia, ch.10 on Communist Higher Education Policies in Czechoslovakia, Poland and East Germany;ch. 12, Czech Road to Communism; ch. 6, and ch. 14 on the Soviet-Yugoslav Split and the Cominform; ch. 13 on the Marshall Plan, Soviet-American Relations and the Division of Europe. This is a most valuable collection of papers on the topic.

Sabrina P. Ramet, ed., EASTERN EUROPE. Politics, Culture, and Society since 1939, Bloomington, IN., 1998.

S.Ramet, a Balkan specialist, taught international relations at the University of Washington, Seattle. After an Introduction by Gale Stokes on “Eastern Europe’s Defining Fault Lines,” there are survey chapters by specialists on each country, followed by thematic chapters on Women and the Politics of Gender; Religion and Politics; Cinema; the Economic Challenges of Post-Communist Marketization; Democracy, Markets and Security; Democracy, Politics and the Cycles of History.

Same, NIHIL OBSTAT. Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia, Durham, N.C., and London, 1998.

A very good survey. Part I is a general, comparative perspective. Pt. II, deals with Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Pt. III. covers the Balkans; pt. IV. covers the former Soviet Union, and pt. V. deals with Postcommunist trends. (see also her book: The Cross and Commissar, section 3 below).

Joseph Rotschild, Return to Diversity. A Political History of East Central Europe since World War II, 2nd edition, New York, 1990 the 3^rd revised edition co-written by Nancy Wingfield, 1999, brings the story up to the end of 1998.

Rotschild (d. 1999), was a professor of Political Science, Columbia University, New York; he also published a book on interwar E.Europe and a book on Jozef Pilsudski’s Coup d’Etat of 1926. Nancy Wingfield teaches history at Northern Illinois State University and edits the journal: The Nationalities Papers. She has published books and articles on modern Czechoslovakia.

Jacques Rupnik, The Other Europe. The Rise and Fall of Communism in East Central Europe, rev. ed.New York, 1989.

Rupnik, a Czech journalist and scholar based in France, is one of the leading western experts on E. Europe

Thomas W. Simons, Jr. Eastern Europe in the Postwar World,New York, 1991.

An insightful, well written survey; Simons is an American scholar anddiplomat; in 1991, he was U.S. ambassador to Poland.

Geoffrey Swain and Nigel Swain, Eastern Europe since 1945, 2^nd edition, New York, 1998, ch.1-6. (There may be a new edition.)

Good survey with tables of economic statistics and a chronology. Ch. 6 is valuable for discussing the topic of “Reform Communism and Economic Reform,” Geoffrey.Swain is professor of Modern History, University of the West England; his brother Nigel is Lecturer in History and Director of the Centre for Central and East European Studies, University of Liverpool.

B. Documentary Collections on Communist Eastern Europe.

Lyman H. Legters, ed., Eastern Europe. Transformation and Revolution, 1945?1991. Documents and Analyses,Lexington, Mass, Toronto, 1992

selections of writings by experts, with documents, maps, and chronology of events. Lyman Legters, a professor emeritus of the University of Washington, Seattle, WA., is an expert on Hungary .

Gale Stokes, From Stalinism to Pluralism. A Documentary Historyof Eastern Europe since 1945, New York, 2 ed. Oxford, 1996.

Documentswith useful commentaries. Stokes, a specialist on Serbia/Yugoslavia, teaches at Rice University, Houston, TX.

Paul Zinner, ed., National Communism and Popular Revolt inEastern Europe, New York, 1956

This is a detailed documentary collection on the change of Polish leadership and the Hungarian Revolution of October-November 1956, but has been superseded by doc. collections published after 1989 (see under Hungary and Poland below).

Paul Zinner (b. Kosice, Czechoslovakia, 1922), served in the U.S. Army on WW II, and as an analyst State Dept,. 1945-49. He obtained his Ph.D. at Harvard, 1953; taught at several universities, then worked in broadcasting for many years. His last known address was at the University of California, Davis, CA.

C. Special Topics.

1. Opposition and Dissent in Communist Eastern Europe before 1980.

Rudolf F. Tokes, ed., Opposition in Eastern Europe, Baltimore and London, 1979

v. good collection of papers on the period 1968-78, written by Tokes, V. Kusin, J. Rupnik, W. Volkmer, G. Schopflin, I. Szelenyi, Alex Pravda and G. Lewis; covers Human Rights & Political Change, then by country; also Socialist opposition, Industrial Workers, Peasants;

2. Religion in Communist Eastern Europe

Pedro Ramet, CROSS AND COMMISSAR. The Politics of Religion in Eastern Europe and the USSR, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1987.

theoretical and by country studies, except Romania. Pedro (Sabrina) Ramet, is a prolific author and editor who taught International Relations at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA..

(see also her book: NIHIL OBSTAT, section 1 abvove).

3. The Communist Party Purges of 1948-54:

George H. Hodos, Stalinist Purges in Eastern Europe, 1948?1954, New York, Westport, Ct., London,1987 .

Hodos is a Hungarian specialist; the book focuses on Hungary, but covers the other countries as well.

4. Soviet-East European Relations, 1945- 80s.

Tufton Beamish& Guy Hadley, THE KREMLIN'S DILEMMA. The Struggle for Human Rights in Eastern Europe,San Rafael, Ca., London, 1979.

On Helsinki and Human Rights;survey of dissent in Poland, Hungary, Romania, East Germany, Bulgaria; somewhat dated by now.

Leonid Gibianskii, “The Soviet Bloc in the Initial Stages of the Cold War: Archival Documents on Stalin’s Meetings with Communist Leaders of Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, 1946-1948,” in: Leadership in Transition in a Fractured Bloc. Cold War International History Project. Bulletin, issue 10, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., March 1998, pp. 112- 134.

Gibianskii, a senior researcher at the Institute of Slavonic and Balkan Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, gives an introduction and edits documents on the topic.

Robert L. Hutchings, SOVIET-EAST EUROPEAN RELATIONS. Consolidation and Conflict, 1968-1980,, Madison, Wisc., 1983;

excellent survey of political, ideological and economic relations by an American specialist on the USSR.

Christopher Jones, ed., SOVIET INFLUENCE IN EASTERN EUROPE. Political Autonomy and the Warsaw Pact, New York, 1980,

Sarah Meiklejohn Terry, ed.,SOVIET POLICY IN EASTERN EUROPE, New Haven, London, 1984

a study of all aspects of these relations by a specialist on the region. Terry teaches Political Science at Tufts University, Medford, MA.

Roman Szporluk, ed., THE INFLUENCE OF EAST EUROPE AND THE SOVIET WEST ON THE USSR, New York, Washington, London, 1975.

Perceptive insights; coverage up to early 1970s is general and by country, including Baltic States and Ukraine. Szporluk, an American historian of E.Europe of Ukrainian descent, has authored books on Ukraine and Masaryk. He teaches at Harvard University.

5. U.S. and West European Relations with Eastern Europe, 1945-early 1980s:

Morris Bornstein, Zvi Gitelman and William Zimmerman,eds., EAST-WEST RELATIONS AND THE FUTURE OF EASTERN EUROPE. Politics and Economics, London, 1981.

covers the 1970's with predictions for the 1980's; good for contemporary views by experts.

Lincoln Gordon et al, ERODING EMPIRE. Western Relations with Eastern Europe, Washington,(Brookings Institution) 1987.

perceptive views on eroding Soviet empire by experts living in U.S., West Germany, Gt. Britain, Vienna and Rome.

Bennett Kovrig, OF WALLS AND BRIDGES. The United States and Eastern Europe, New York and London, 1991

good, thematic, coverage of U.S. policy from 1945 to about 1988, by a specialist on Hungary.

6. Higher Education in E. Europe 1945-56.

John Connelly, Captive University. The Sovietization of German, Czech and Polish Higher Education, 1945-1956, Chapel Hill, N.C., 2001.

- sovietization was most effective in East Germany; many “bourgeois” Polish professors kept their jobs. In both Poland and Czechoslovakia, many worker and peasant children gained access to higher education, but so did the children of the former middle class and intelligentsia, as did those of the “new class.” John Connelly was then an associate professor of history at the University of California, Berkeley.

Gyorgy Peteri, Academia and State Socialism: Essays on the Political History of Academic Life in Post-1945 Hungary and Eastern Europe, East European Monographs no. 501, Boulder CO., and New York, 1998.

- covers government control of higher education through 1976.

7. Mass Media in East Central Europe under Capitalism and Communism.

Colin Sparks, Communism, Capitalism and the Mass Media, (Media, Culture and Society Series, Sage Publications), London, 1998.

- surveys mass media under capitalism and communism in Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

D. Sub-Periods by country:

1. Czechoslovakia, 1945-1968.

1. Surveys:

Josef Korbel, Twentieth Century Czechoslovakia. The Meanings of itsHistory, New York, 1977 (ch.9: 1945-48, ch. 10, 1948-1962);

By a former Czechoslovak diplomat, then professor of Political Science at the University of Colorado, Boulder, CO; father of Madeleine Albright.

Victor S. Mamatey and Radomir Luza eds., A History of the Czechoslovak Republic, 1918-1948, Princeton, N.J., 1973 (Part III, chs. 16-17 cover the period 1945-48).

- good survey. (On authors, see Pt. II. of Bibliography, Interwar Czechoslovakia).

H.Gordon Skilling, ed., Czechoslovakia, 1918-1988. Seventy Years from Independence, NewYork, 1991.

Conference papers on various aspects and periods of Czech and Slovak history and culture edited by a Canadian Political Scientists, a specialist on the country.

2.Detailed

a. Czechoslovakia: Studies of Political Events, Persecution, Purges, 1945-68.

Karel Kaplan, Political Persecution in Czechoslovakia, 1948-1972, Cologne, Germany, 1983.

Karel Kaplan is a Czech historian who settled in the West in 1971 and authored several other books.

Same, The Short March. The Communist Takeover of Czechosloslovakia, 1945?1948, New York, 1987.

Best study of the subject so far.

Same, Report on the Murder of the General Secretary,Translated by Karel Kovanda, Columbus, Ohio, 1990

deals with the arrest and trial of Rudolf Slansky (Rudolf Salzmann,1901-1952). He was Secretary General of the Party, 1948-51; arrested on the trumped up charge of heading a Jewish conspiracy to overthrow communism in Czechoslovakia. He was executed..(see: Josefa Slanska, below).

Josef Korbel, The Communist Subversion of Czechoslovakia, 1938-1948: the failure of coexistence, Princeton, N.J.,1959

an eyewitness account by a Czech diplomat, later professor of Political Science at the University of Colorado, father of Madeleine Albright.

Heda Margolius Kovaly, Under a Cruel Star. A Life in Prague 1941-1968, Cambridge, Mass., 1986.

personal story by the wife of a purged Czech Communist.

Eugene Loebl, Sentenced and Tried: The Stalinist Purges in Czechoslovakia, London, Toronto, 1968.

by a Czech Communist imprisoned in the purges.

Andrew Oxley, Alex Pravda, Andrew Ritchie, eds., CZECHOSLOVAKIA. THE PARTY AND THE PEOPLE, New York, 1973

The papers deal primarily with 1968, but Part Three, re-examines the past, including the purge trials.

Jiri Pelikan,ed., The Czechoslovak Political Trials of 1950?1954: The Suppressed Report of the Dubcek Government's Commissionof Inquiry, 1968,Stanford, Ca., 1971.

By a Czech scholar working in the U.S.

Hubert Ripka, Czechoslovakia Enslaved. The Story of the Communist Coup d'Etat, London, 1950

By an anti-Communist Czech politician who experienced the coup; later taught Political Science in U.S.

Josefa Slanska, Report on My Husband, London, 1969.

by the widow of the Czechoslovak Secretary General, Rudolf Slansky, who was sentenced to death and executed in 1951.

Edward Taborsky, President Edvard Benes Between East and West, 1938-1948, Stanford, Ca., 1981 (ch. 10, 11 on the President's last years, 1945-48);

by a Secretary to President Benes, later professor of Political Science in U.S. Taborsky’spapers are in the Hoover Institute archives, Stanford, CA.

same, Communism in Czechoslovakia, 1948-1960,Princeton, N.J., 1961;

Paul E. Zinner, Communist Strategy and Tactics in Czechoslovakia, 1918-1948, Westport, Ct., 1975

compare with J. Korbel work above..

b. The Sudeten Germans’ expulsion from Czechoslovakia after WW II.

Radomir Luza, THE TRANSFER OF THE SUDETEN GERMANS. A Study of Czech-German Relations, 1933-1962, New York, 1964 (Part IV, ch.11-14).

By an American historian of Czech descent.

NOTE: Forced deportation is a violation of human rights, but we must bear in mind that most Sudeten Germans supported the Nazi leader, Konrad Henlein, in 1935-38, and benefitted from the annexation of the region to Germany in late 1938, when many Czechs were expelled. Therefore, President Benes’s decrees expelling the S. Germans were supported by the vast majority of Czechs, and are still supported by them today.

Ronald M. Smelser, "The Expulsion of the Sudeten Germans: 1945-1952," NATIONALITIES PAPERS, VOL. 24, No. 1, March 1996 (pp. 79-92).

- a good survey of the topic.

2. East Germany: The German Democratic Republic.

David Childs, THE GDR: Moscow’s Germany Ally, London, 1983, ch. 1-3.

D.Childs was then Reader in Politics at Nottingham University, England. An earlier version of the book was published in 1969 and serialized in the BBC German language service. Much new material became accessible after the fall of the GDR.

Mike Dennis, The Rise and Fall of the German Democratic Republic, 1945-1990, (Pearson Education Series, Longman), Edinburgh, 2000.

Parts 1- 3 cover the years 1945-71. M. Dennis was then professor of Modern History at the University of Wolverhampton, England. An earlier publication of his is: The German Democratic Republic, 1988.

Germany and Eastern Europe since 1945. From the Potsdam Agreement to Chancellor Brandt’s “Ostpolitik,” Keesing’s Research Report no. 8., New York, 1973.

This is a very useful, chronological list of treaties and agreements regarding both Germanies from 1945 to 1973.

James McAdams, EAST GERMANY AND DETENTE. Building Authority after the Wall, Cambridge, England, 1985, ch. 1-3.

James McAdams was then asst. prof. of Politics at Princeton University.

Norman M. Naimark, The Russians in Germany. A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation 1945-1949 C ambridge, Mass., and London, England, 1995.

- fascinating picture of the Soviet occupation based on Russian and German documents. Naimark teaches at Stanford University.

3. Hungary 1945-56, and the Revolution of 1956.

a. Surveys, Studies, Memoirs of Hungary 1945-56:

Egon Balas, Will to Freedom: A Perilous Journey through Fascism and Communism, Syracuse, N.Y., 2000.

-memoirs of Jewish experiences in World War II and communist Hungary, Romania.

Andrew Handler and Susan V. Meschel compilers, Red Star, Blue Star: The Lives and Times of Jewish Students in Communist Hungary (1945-1956), East European Monographs no. 487, Boulder CO., and New York, 1997.

Bennett Kovrig, Communism in Hungary: From Kun to Kadar,Stanford, Ca., Hoover Inst. Press, 1979.

By an American- Hungarian expert on Hungary.

Miklos Molnar, FROM BELA KUN TO JANOS KADAR. Seventy Years of Hungarian Communism,Providence, R.I., 1990, ch.9, pp. 154-175.

the author, born in Hungary, was then professor at the Institut Universitaire des Hautes Etudes, Geneva.

Peter F.Sugar et al, A History of Hungary, ch. XX.

good historical survey by an outstanding, Hungarian born historian of Eastern Europe who taught at the University of Washington Seattle (died 1999)..

Szonja Szelenyi, Karen Aschaffenburg et al., Equality by Design: The Grand Experiment in Destratification in Socialist Hungary, Stanford, CA., 1998.

- sociological studies of class structure and class destratification, property, mobility, careers, cadres, and fate of the old elite in post-communist Hungary.

b. Purges and Show Trials of Hungarian Communists. 1948-1954.

George H. Hodos, SHOW TRIALS. Stalinist Purges in Eastern Europe, 1948-1954,New York, Wesport Ct., London, 1987 (Rajk trial, pp. 33-72).

M.Molnar, FROM BELA KUN TO JANOS KADAR, ch, 8 (PP. 141-153).

Laszlo Rajk and his Accomplices before the People's Court: A Transcript of the Rajk Trial, Budapest, 1949.

- official transcript of the rigged trial of Laszlo Rajk (1909-1949), Minister of Interior, 1945-48, Foreign Minister, 1948-49.

Eric Roman, The Stalin Years in Hungary, Lewiston, N.Y., 1999.

- purges and trials in Stalinist period.

c. The Hungarian Revolution, October-November 1956.

(i) Studies, memoirs.

Csaba Bekes, "New Findings on the 1956 Hungarian Revolution,"Cold War International History Project, BULLETIN, issue 2, Fall, 1992, pp. 1-3..

cites new documents on the subject. ,

same, Malcolm Byrne and Janos M. Rainer, eds., The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, Budapest, 2002.

reviewed by Ivan T. Berend, Slavic Review, vol. 63, no. 1, 2004, pp. 162-63.

Karl Philip Benziger, "Imre Nagy, Martyr of the Nation: Contested Memory and Social Cohesion," East Eurpeoan Quarterly, v. XXXVI, no. 2, Jan. 20002, pp. 171-190 .

Janos Berecz, Counter-Revolution in Hungary - Words and Weapons, Budapest, 1986.

-official account of the revolution written according to the party line with much emphasis on nefarious U.S. policy. (1st edition, 1969).

Ferenc Feher and Agnes Heller, Hungary 1956 Revisited, London,1983.

a Socialist interpretation by two dissidentHungarian philosophers.

Charles Gati, Hungary and the Soviet Bloc, Duke UniversityPress, Durham N.C.,1986.includes a good, short analysis of the H. Revolution by an American expert on Hungry..

Bela Kiraly, et al eds., The First War Between Socialist States: The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and its Impact, New York, 1983.

B. Kiraly (b. Hungary, 1912). was the Military Commander of Budapest during the revolution; he emigrated to U.S. after the revolution of 1956, and became a historian.

Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians. A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat, Princeton, 2003.

The chapter on 1939-1990 has interesting information on internal party struggles in 1952-56, but does not give details on Soviet advisers present in Budapest before the decision to intervene was made in Moscow on 31 October

Gyorgy Litvan, ed., THE HUNGARIAN REVOLUTION OF 1956. Reform, Revolt and Repression 1953-1963, English version edited and translated by Janos M. Bak and Lyman H. Legters, (Longman), London, New York, 1996.

Chapters written by specialists, all of them Hungarian except for G. Schopflin. The book is an importantwork on the subject, butlacksfootnotes or end notes, presumably because the sources referred to were in Hungarian.

Imre Nagy, On Communism. In Defense of the New Course,Westport, Ct., 1974 (reprint of Praeger ed. 1957).

Imre Nagy (1896-1958), a Communist since 1917; lived in USSR 1929-44; held posts in Hung. govt. after 1944; Premier 1953-55, when he launched "New Course," and again in October-Nov.1956. He was arrested, held in Romania, and executed in Budapest 1958, then rehabilitated and re-buriedwith honors June 1989. This is his account of the years 1953-55, when he liberalized the communist system in Hungary with Soviet consent.

Tsaba Teglas, Budapest Exit: A Memoir of Fascism, Communism and Freedom, College Station, Texas, 1998.

- memoirs of a Hungarian who experienced World War II, communist Hungary, the revolution of 1956, and the collapse of communism.

Ferenc A. Vali, Rift and Revolt in Hungary. Nationalism versus Communism, Cambridge, Mass., 1961.

Interesting study by an American sociologist of Hungarian origin.

d. Documents on the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.

Leonid Gibianskii, “Soviet-Yugoslav Relations and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956,” in: Cold War International History Project Bulletin, issue 10, Washington, D.C., March, 1998, pp. 139-149.

Russian documents introduced and edited by a Russian specialist.

Jeno Gyorkei and Miklos Horvath, eds., SOVIET MILITARY INTERVENTION IN HUNGARY, 1956, with a study by Alexandr M. Kirov and memoirs of Yevegeny U. Malashenko, Budapest,1999.

J. Gyorkei and M.Horvath are Hungarian historians; A.M. Kirov is a Russian military historian; Y.I. Malashenko is a Russian Lt. General who participated in the Soviet military intervention in Hungary. These are Russian and Hungarian documents turned over to the Hungarian government by President Boris N. Yeltsin during his visit there in November 1992. They provide fascinating details and insights both on Soviet policy making and the efforts of Nagy’s government to manage the revolution.

Lyman H. Legters, ed., Eastern Europe. Transformation and Revolution, 1945-1991, Lexington, MASS and Toronto, 1992, Part III. Hungary, pp. 146-167.

Articles and documents.

Vojtech Mastny, ed., EAST EUROPEAN DISSENT, vol. 1, 1953-64, New York (Facts on File) 1972, Hungarian Uprising (pp. 99-140);

Outdated but still useful to any student of the Hungarian revolution.

Gale Stokes, ed., From Stalinism to Pluralism, 2^nd edition, Oxford, 1996, The Hungarian Revolution, pp. 81-87.

Paul E. Zinner, ed., NATIONAL COMMUNISM AND POPULAR REVOLT IN EASTERN EUROPE. A Selection of Documents on Events in Poland and Hungary, February- November 1956, New York, 1956 (Part Three: Hungary, ch. 1-IX, pp. 317-484);

Same comments as on Mastny. (On Zinner, see: Documentary Collections on Communist Eastern Europe).

4. Communist Poland, 1945-68-80.

a. Surveys:

Norman Davies, God's Playground.A History of Poland, vol. II. 1795 to the Present, New York, 1982, Part II, Poland since 1944 (pp. 539-633).

By the leading British historian of Poland.

Richard Hiscocks, POLAND. BRIDGE FOR AN ABYSS? An Interpretation of Developments in Post-War Poland, London, Oxford, Toronto, 1963,

favorable account by a Canadian scholarwho paid annual visits to Poland in 1957-61.

Jakub Karpinski, Countdown: The Polish Upheavals of 1956, 1968,1970, 1976 and 1980, New York, Karz Cohl, 1982 ,

best on the 1968 student protests, in which author participated; later, he emigrated to U.S.

R.J. Leslie, ed., The History of Poland since 1863, Cambridge, England, 1980 (ch. 11-15, by Jan Ciechanowski);

Good survey, but somewhat outdated.

Jan B. de Weydenthal, The Communists of Poland. An Historical Outline, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, Ca.,rev. ed., 1986.

Good survey by a political scientist of Polish origin who worked in the Polish section of Radio Free Europe.

Richard F. Staar, POLAND 1944-1962. The Sovietization of a Captive People, Louisiana, 1962;

good but somewhat dated account by an American specialist of Polish descent.

Hansjakob Stehle, THE INDEPENDENT SATELLITE. Society and Politics in Poland since 1945, New York, 1965.

sympathetic survey by a German scholar; same comment as on R.F. Staar..

b. The Economy of Communist Poland:

Andrzej Korbonski, Politics of Socialist Agriculture in Poland, 1945-1960,New York, 1965 ,

- a classic study by an American political scientist of Polish origin (b. Poznan, 1927), who taught for many years at UCLA.

Zbigniew Landau and Jerzy Tomaszewski, The Polish Economy in the Twentieth Century, trans. W. Roszkowski, New York, 1985 (pt. 4, pp. 181-286).

Good survey by two Polish specialists, written under some political constraints. Landau is an eminent Polish economic historian; Roszkowski is an eminent Polish economic and political historian, who held the Kosciuszko Chair of Polish Studies at the Miller Center for Public Affairs, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. in 1999-2002.

c. Communist Poland: Minorities and Regional Identities.

Karl Cordell, “Politics and Society in Upper Silesia Today: The German Minority since 1945,” Nationalities Papers, vol. 24, no. 2, 1996, pp. [269] - 285.

Cordell then taught at the University of Plymouth, England; he brings the strory up to 1995.

Tomasz Kamusella, “The Upper Silesian’s Stereotyped Perception of the Poles and the Germans,” East European Quarterly, vol. XXXIII, no. 3, September 1999, pp. 395-410.

Kamusella, a specialist on the subject and a native of Upper Silesia, sketches the history of the region and explains the natives’ view of Poles and Germans, also their rulers. He held a Kluge Fellowship in the Library of Congress, 2003-04.

Gabriele Simoncini, “National Minorities of Poland at the End of the Twentieth Century,” Polish Review, vol. XLIII, no. 2, 1998, pp. 173-193.

Minorities in interwar Poland are estimated at 36%, while minorities in contemporary Poland are about 3.5-5.5%. Simoncini is a specialist in minority studies on the Czech Republic,Poland, Russia and Slovakia; he thaught in the Dept. of History, Pace University, Pleasantville, N.Y.

d. Communist Poland: Social Inequality, Entrepreneurs and Local Government:

Wladyslaw Majkowski, PEOPLE'S POLAND. Patterns of Social Inequality and Conflict, Westport Ct., 1985.

Majkowski examines the problem of class in communist Poland, focusing on the workers’ revolts in 1956, 1970, 1976 and 1980. We know more about these revolts since 1989, especially about Solidarity, 1980-81.

Carole Nagengast, RELUCTANT SOCIALISTS, RURAL ENTREPRENEURS.Class, Culture, and the Polish State, Boulder, Co., 1991.

-good study with historical background;

Jaroslaw Piekalkiewicz,COMMUNIST LOCAL GOVERNMENT. A Study of Poland, Athens, Ohio, 1975.

a classic study of the subject, covering mostly the 1960s. Jaroslaw Piekalkiewicz (b. Poland, 1926), is Prof. Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS. He fought in the Warsaw Uprising of 1944, studied at St. Andrews University, Scotland, in Dublin, Ireland, and Indiana University, Bloomington IN.

e. Communist Poland: Women in Polish Politics; Research on Polish Women, 1970-90.

Padraic Kenney, “Gender of Resistance in Communist Poland,” American Historical Review, vol. 104, no. 2, April 1999, pp. 399-425.

P.J. Kenney argues that Polish women contributed greatly to the fall of communism, but admits that theirs was a secondary role. Kenney teaches in the History Department, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO..

Elzbieta Pakszys, “The State of Research on Polish Women in the last two Decades,”

Journal of Women’s History, vol. 3, no. 3, Winter 1992, pp. 118-125.

Survey of Polish research/publications over the period 1970-89. Much has been done since that date, but the publication record is still rather slim in comparison with western research and publications in the field of women’s history.

Renata Siemienska, “Dialogue: Polish Women and Polish Politics since World War II, Journal of Women’s History, vol. 3, no. 1 (Spring) 1991, pp. 108-125.

author documents women’s negligible role in Polish politics.

Sub-Periods in The History of Communist Poland

f. Poland,1943-1956:The Stalinist Period.

(i). How the Communists seized power in Poland:

Arthur Bliss Lane, I SAW POLAND BETRAYED. An American Ambassador Reports to the American People, Indianapolis, Ind., 1948

Lane was the U.S. ambassador in Poland in the immediate postwar period.

Krystyna Kersten, The Establishment of Communist Rule in Poland, 1943-1948, Berkeley, Ca., 1991.

Excellent study, based onPolish archival sources by a prominent, contemporary Polish historian, first published in the underground, 1984.

Stefan Korbonski, WARSAW IN CHAINS, New York, 1959,

Work by the Head of Civilian Resistance and last Polish Government Delegate in German- occupied Poland, who later settled in U.S.Korbonski (1901-1989), a Peasant Party leader, escaped from communist Poland in late1947,settled in U.S. and lived in Washington. (See his book: Guide to the Polish Underground State, Pt. II of this Bibliography). This book, written in diary form, tells the author’s experiences in Poland in the period July 15, 1945 - Nov. 14, 1947, when he escaped to Sweden.

Same, WARSAW IN EXILE,New York, 1966-

-story of author’s life ending with his escape to Sweden and emigration to U.S..

Stanislaw Mikolajczyk,THE RAPE OF POLAND: The Pattern of Soviet Aggression, New York, 1948.

S. Mikolajczyk (1901-1966), was a Polish Peasant Party leader and Premier in exile, 1943-44, then a deputy Premier, Poland, 1945-48. After escaping from communist Poland in late 1947 he settled in U.S; the book was written and published a year later. In September 1999, his remains and those of his wife, were re-buried in Poznan. The S. Mikolajczyk Papers are now in the Hoover Institute Archives, Stanford, CA. (See also Rozek, below).

Edward J. Rozek, Allied Wartime Diplomacy. A Pattern in Poland, Chicago, 1958, reprint, Boulder, CO.,1989.

Ch.7, 8 deal with the establishment of communist power in Poland from summer 1944 through October 1947. They are based mostly on the S.Mikolajczyk Papers, made available to the author in the 1950s. Rozek (b.Poland 1920), served in the Polish Armed Forces in WW II, came to U.S. 1948, and obtained a Ph.D. at Harvard, 1956. He was for 30 years Director of the Institute for the Study of Economic and Political Freedom, also the Slavic Studies Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. He saw the USSR as a great threat to freedom everywhere.

(ii). Soviet Policy on Poland 1945-56.

Andrzej Werblan, “The Conversation between Wladyslaw Gomulka and Jozef Stalin on 14 November 1945,” Cold War International History Project, BULLETIN, issue 11, Winter 1998, pp.134-140. (NOTE: The date of Gomulka’s death, p. 140, note 1, should be 1982, not 1966).

The first document is Gomulka’s memo on the conversation, Nov. 14, 1945, noting Stalin’s statements but omitting his own; the second is the Russian record of the same conversation, which took place between Stalin, Gomulka and Hilary Minc. Gomulka was then head of the Polish Workers’ Party, and Minc was in charge of the state economy.

Krzysztof Persak, “Stalin as Editor: The Soviet Dictator’s Secret Changes to the Polish Constitution of 1952,” CWIHP BULLETIN, issue 11, winter 1998, pp. 149-154.

This is the Russian language draft of the P. constitution of 1952, with Stalin’s personal corrections. Persak is a Polish historian working at the Institute of National Memory (IPN) and the Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences (ISPPAN), Warsaw.

(iii). Building the Polish Communist Party State.

Andrzej Paczkowski, “Building the One Party-State,” in: Stalinism in Poland 1944-1956, edited by A. Kemp Welch, London, New York, 1999, pp. 41-58.

Analytical account by the foremost historian of Communist Poland. Paczkowski (b.1938) is the author of several books and editor of Russian and Polish documents on the communist period. He is Professor of History at the Institute of Political Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw and was a Woodrow Wilson scholar, Washington, D.C., 2000-01.

(iv). Polish Peasant resistance to collectivization.

Dariusz Jarosz, “Polish Peasant versus Stalinism,” in: Stalinism in Poland, pp. 59-77.

This account is based mostly on the archives of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party. The author concludes that “Peasant behaviour towards the communist agrarian policy was one of the basic causes which led to the collapse of Stalinism in Poland.” (P.77). Jarosz, author of several works on Polish peasants in the early communist period, teaches history at the University of Warsaw.

(v). Stalinist Terror in Poland.

Krystyna Kersten, “The Terror, 1949-1954,” in: Stalinism in Poland, pp. 78-98.